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21.
On Rumbula see Richard Rhodes,
Masters of Death
(Oxford, 2002), pp. 206–14. •
22.
Christopher Browning,
The Origins of the Final Solution
, p. 397. •
23.
Quoted in ibid., p. 396. •
24.
Henschel, op. cit., p. 40. •
25.
See the chronology of the deportations in Gottwaldt and Schulle, op. cit., pp.

443–67. •
26.
Quoted in ‘Ich hätte ihn erschiessen können’, in the
Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung
, 2 May 2008, p. 35. •
27.
Quoted in Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin Underground, 1938–1945
, p. 74. •
28.
Quoted in Aly,
Im Tunnel
, p. 60.


29.
Hermann Samter, quoted in Gerhard Schoenberner (ed.),
Wir haben es
gesehen – Augenzeugenberichte über Terror und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich
(Hamburg, 1962), p. 297. •
30.
Ibid., p. 297. •
31.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 83. •
32.
See, for instance, Daniel Goldhagen,
Hitler’s Willing Executioners
(London, 1996), p. 105. •
33.
Eric Johnson and Karl-Heinz Reuband,
What We
Knew: Terror, Mass Murder and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany
, p. 369. •
34.

Ursula von Kardorff,
Berliner Aufzeichnungen 1942–1945
, p. 105. •
35.
Johnson and Reuband, op. cit., p. 74. •
36.
Primo Levi,
The Drowned and the Saved
(London, 1988), pp. 1–2. •
37.
E. Thomas Wood and Stanisław Jankowski,

Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust
(New York, 2004), p. 188.


38.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 326. •
39.
Verfügung
, kindly supplied to the author by David Kolakowski. •
40.
Quoted in Johnson and Reuband, op. cit., p. 73.


41.
On the raft of anti-Jewish measures, see Wolf Gruner,
Judenverfolgung
in Berlin 1933–1945
, pp. 82–7. •
42.
See Karin Wieckhorst, ‘Das Poesiealbum von Ruth Schwersenz’, in Meyer and Simon (eds), op. cit., pp. 215–31. •
43
.

Marion Kaplan,
Between Dignity and Despair – Jewish Life in Nazi Germany
, p. 188. •
44.
Quoted in Aly,
Im Tunnel
, p. 60. •
45.
Andreas-Friedrich, op.

cit., p. 75. •
46.
Maria Sello,
Ein Familien- und Zeitdokument 1933–45
, unpublished manuscript, Wiener Library, London, ref. 20384, pp. 20–21. •
47.
Helmuth 402

berlin at war

James von Moltke,
Letters to Freya 1939–1945
, p. 183. •
48.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 105. •
49.
Konrad Kwiet and Helmut Eschwege,
Selbstverwaltung und

Widerstand Deutsche Juden im Kampf um Existenz und Menschenwürde 1939–1945

(Hamburg, 1984), p. 205. •
50.
Joel König,
Aufzeichnungen eines Überlebenden
(Frankfurt am Main, 1979), quoted in Ehmann et al., op. cit., p. 86. •
51.
See Barbara Lovenheim,
Survival in the Shadows
. •
52.
Kaplan, op. cit., p. 199.


53.
Quoted in Johnson and Reuband, op. cit., p. 194. •
54.
Hilde Miekley in Gerhard Schoenberner (ed.),
Wir haben es gesehen
(Hamburg, 1962), p. 300; quoted in English translation in Goldhagen, op. cit., p. 105. •
55.
Quoted in Kaplan, op. cit., p. 198. •
56.
Götz Aly,
Hitler’s Beneficiaries
, p. 331. •
57.
Dieter Borkowski,
Wer weiss, ob wir uns wiedersehen
, pp. 38–9. •
58.
Goebbels quoted in Aly,
Beneficiaries
, p. 118. •
59.
Howard K. Smith,
Last Train from Berlin
, p. 140. •
60.
Ibid., p. 140. •
61.
Wiener Library, file P IIIe, no. 1186, quoted in Richard Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third Reich
, p. 140. •
62.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 22. •
63.
Kaplan, op. cit., p. 200. •
64.
Gedenkbuch Berlins der
jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus
(Berlin, 1995).

9
An Evil Cradling


1.
See Helmut Maier,
Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof
(Berlin, 1984). •
2.

h t t p : / / w w w. m o n u m e n t e - o n l i n e . d e / 0 7 / 0 3 / s t r e i f l i c h t e r /

06_Anhalter_Bahnhof.php •
3.
Original text quoted in Gerhard Dabel,
KLV,
die erweiterte Kinder-Land-Verschickung. KLV-Lager 1940–1945
(Freiburg, 1981), p.

7. English translation taken from Jeremy Noakes (ed.),
Nazism 1919–1945
, vol.

4, p. 423. •
4.
Quoted in Guido Knopp,
Hitler’s Children
(Stroud, 2002), p.

186. •
5.
Heinz Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen aus dem Reich 1938–1945
, vol. 5, p.

1622. •
6.
Fred Taylor (ed. and trans.),
The Goebbels Diaries 1939–1941
, p. 125.


7.
Noakes (ed.), op. cit., p. 423. •
8.
Statistics quoted in Gerhard Kock,
‘Der
Führer sorgt für unsere Kinder . . .’ Die Kinderlandverschickung im Zweiten

Weltkrieg
(Paderborn, 1997), p. 136. •
9.
Ibid., p. 139. •
10.
See Claus Larass,
Der Zug der Kinder
(Munich, 1983). •
11.
Copy of an original ‘Merkblatt für den Landaufenthalt der Berliner Jugend von 10–14 Jahren’ (1940) kindly

supplied by Mr Kurt Roth. •
12.
Heinz Knobloch,
Eine Berliner Kindheit
, p. 103. •
13.
Placard reproduced by the German Historical Museum, Berlin,

at http://www.dhm.de •
14.
Jost Hermand,
A Hitler Youth in Poland

(Evanston, Illinois, 1997), pp. 6–7. •
15.
Kinderlandverschickung 1940–1945 –

‘Wen der Führer verschickt, den bringt er auch wieder gut zurück.
’ Begleitbroschüre zur Ausstellung des Kunstamtes Steglitz, 1995 (Berlin, 1995), pp. 10–13.


16.
Testimony of Gisela Richter, reproduced on the website of the

collective memory project at the German Historical Museum –

notes

403

http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/466/index.html


17.
Martin L. Parsons, ‘Kinderlandverschickung – An introduction to the

expanded German Evacuation Scheme’, in
Children in War
, November 2004,

vol. 1, no. 3, p. 5. •
18.
Author interview with Dorit E., Berlin, September 2008. •
19.
Testimony of Gerhard R., from Deutsches Tagebucharchiv (hereafter DTA), Emmendingen, Sig. 240.2, p. 15. •
20.
Quoted in Noakes (ed.),

op. cit., p. 427. •
21.
Testimony of Gerhard R., DTA, Emmendingen, p. 15.


22.
Author interview with Dorit E., Berlin, September 2008. •
23.
See Erich Maylahn,
Auflistung der KLV-Lager
(Bochum, 2004). •
24.
Gisela Stange,
Der
verdammte Krieg
, p. 28. •
25.
Ibid., p. 29. •
26.
Renate Bandur,
Meine
KLV-Lagerzeit 1941
(Bochum, 1941), p. 15. •
27.
Author interview with Dorit E., Berlin, September 2008. •
28.
Anweisungen für die Jungen- und Mädellager
(KLV.-Lager)
(Berlin, 1943), pp. 29–34. •
29.
Timetables published in Dabel, op. cit., pp. 124–5. •
30.
Instructions quoted in
Kinderlandverschickung
, op. cit., p. 14. •
31.
Testimony of Gerhard R., DTA, Emmendingen, p. 12. •
32.
Martin Kitchen,
Nazi Germany at War
, p. 127. •
33.
Michael H. Kater,
Hitler Youth
(London, 2004), pp. 46–7. •
34.
Letter reproduced in
Kinderlandverschickung
, op. cit., p. 33. •
35.
Testimony of Gerhard R., DTA, Emmendingen, p. 3.


36.
Erich N.,
Erlebtes
(unpublished manuscript supplied to the author), p. 20. •
37.
Testimony of Gerhard R., DTA, Emmendingen, p. 3. •
38.

Hermand, op. cit., p. 6. •
39.
Erich N., op. cit., p. 20. •
40.
Testimony of Dietrich Sch., DTA, Emmendingen, Sig. 1069/I.1, p. 395. •
41.
Testimony of Dietrich Sch., DTA, Emmendingen, Sig. 1069/I.1, p. 393. •
42.
Kater, op.

cit., p. 47. •
43.
Quoted in Noakes (ed.), op. cit., p. 422. •
44.
Quoted in Boberach (ed.), op. cit., entry for 30 September 1943, vol. 15, pp. 5828–9.


45.
Letter reproduced in Bandur, op. cit., pp. 42–5. •
46.
Letter provided by Kurt R., Berlin, in correspondence with the author. •
47.
Ibid. •
48.

Hermand, op. cit., p. 12. •
49.
Ibid., p. 11. •
50.
Ibid. •
51.
Testimony of Gerhard R., DTA, Emmendingen, p. 18. •
52.
Hermand, op. cit., pp. 14–15.


53.
Author interview with Werner L., Berlin, September 2008.


54.
Testimony of Gerhard R., DTA, Emmendingen, p. 13. •
55.
Author interview with Werner L., Berlin, September 2008. •
56.
Quoted in Boberach (ed.), op. cit., entry for 30 September 1943, vol. 15, pp. 5828–30. •
57.

Reinhardt Crüger, quoted in http://www.zeitzeugengeschichte.de/

audio.php?clipId=122&rel=MetaTopic&par=159&autostart=true •
58.

Christa Becker,
Enemy’s Child
, unpublished manuscript, ch. 5, p. 1, available online. •
59.
Author interview with Dorit E., Berlin, September 2008.


60.
Werner Girbig,
Im Anflug auf die Reichhauptstadt
(Stuttgart, 1971), p. 111. •
61.
Christabel Bielenberg,
The Past Is Myself
, p. 240.

404

berlin at war

10
The People’s Friend


1 .
Joseph Goebbels, ‘Der Rundfunk als achte Grossmacht’, in
Signale der
neuen Zeit: 25 ausgewählte Reden von Dr Joseph Goebbels
(Munich, 1938), pp. 197–

207. •
2.
Ernst Kris and Hans Speier,
German Radio Propaganda
(Oxford, 1944), p. 58. •
3.
Helmut Schanze,
Handbuch der Mediengeschichte
(Stuttgart, 2001), p. 468. •
4.
Wolfram Wette, Ricarda Bremer and Detlef Vogel (eds),
Das letzte
halbe Jahr
, see, for instance, pp. 196 and 246. •
5.
Author interview with Ernst S., November 2008. •
6.
Richard Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third
Reich
, p. 506. •
7.
Horst Bergmeier and Rainer Lotz,
Hitler’s Airwaves
(London, 1997), p. 9. •
8.
Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945
, vol. 1 (Munich, 1985), p. 1.


9.
Michael P. Hensle,
Rundfunkverbrechen
(Berlin, 2003), pp. 36–7. •
10.
Otto Herbert Leonhardt,
Spuren eines Lebens
, p. 113. •
11.
William Shirer,
Berlin
Diary 1934–1941
(illustrated edition), p. 124. •
12.
Bernd Müller in Sven Felix Kellerhoff and Wieland Giebel (eds),
Als die Tage zu Nächten wurden
, p. 130.


13.
BBC External Services,
‘Hier ist England – Live aus London’: Das Deutsche
Programm der British Broadcasting Corporation 1938–1988
(London, 1988), pp. 7

and 10, quoted in Eric Johnson,
The Nazi Terror
(London, 1999), p. 325. •
14.

Quoted in Robert Gellately,
Backing Hitler
, p. 186. •
15.
William Russell,
Berlin
Embassy
, p. 87. •
16.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin Underground, 1938–1945
, p. 48.


17.
Ibid., p. 65. •
18.
Author interview with Lutz R., Berlin, September 2008.


19.
Christabel Bielenberg,
The Past Is Myself
, p. 81. •
20.
Johnson, op. cit., p. 259. •
21.
Rochus Misch,
Der letzte Zeuge
, p. 196. •
22.
Heinz Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen aus dem Reich 1938–1945
, p. 366. •
23.
Quoted in Hans-Rainer Sandvoss,
Widerstand in Friedrichshain und Lichtenberg
(Berlin, 1997), p. 319. •
24.
Russell, op. cit., p. 134. •
25.
Marcel Elola,
Ich war in Berlin
, p. 62. •
26.
Fred Taylor (ed. and trans.),
The Goebbels Diaries 1939–1941
, p. 65. •
27.
Hensle, op. cit., pp. 134–6. •
28.
Ibid., p. 141. •
29.
Howard K. Smith,
Last Train from Berlin
, p. 80.

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