Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany (51 page)

³¹⁶
Ibid.

³¹⁷
Ibid.

³¹⁸
Edwards, John Carver (1991)
Berlin Calling,
p. 5.

³¹⁹
Memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover from Special Agent Guy Hottel on Interview of Warrant Officer Catherine Samaha, op. cit. p. 3.

³²⁰
Ibid.

³²¹
Ibid.

³²²
The New York Times,
August 22, 1948, p. 16.

³²³
Oakland Tribune
, Oakland CA, August 22, 1948, p. 1.

³²⁴
The Fresno Bee
, Fresno CA, August 24, 1948, p. 6.

³²⁵
Ibid.

³²⁶
Oakland Tribune
, Oakland CA, August 22, 1948, p. 1.

³²⁷
Ibid.

³²⁸
The Fresno Bee
Fresno CA, op. cit.

³²⁹
District of Columbia Jail Commitment Card #78526, August 21, 1948 (NARA).

³³⁰
The Fresno Bee
Fresno CA op. cit.

³³¹
Handwritten note from Edna Mae Herrick to J. Edgar Hoover, FBI HQ files, College Park MD: National Archives.

³³²
Star-Beacon
, Ashtabula Ohio, November 24, 1995.

³³³
Interrogation of Mildred Gillars at the office US Counterintelligence Corps in Berlin, April 2, 1946, p. 1, US Army Records, Archives II, College Park MD.

³³⁴
District of Columbia Jail Commitment Card #78526, op. cit.

³³⁵
FBI File Boston Field Office 61–222. Report of Interview with Joseph and William Hewitson, August 19, 1948, p. 3 (NARA).

³³⁶
Photocopy of article in the
New York Daily Mirror
, July 16, 1961, Drew Pearson Papers, Austin TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library (NARA).

³³⁷
FBI File #62-31615-568—photocopy of Walter Winchell column in the
New
York Daily Mirror
, April 23, 1947, p. 6 (NARA).

³³⁸
Letter from Albert J. Lawlor to Drew Pearson, February 2, 1947. Drew Pearson Papers, Austin TX: Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library (NARA).

³³⁹
The Daily Register
, Harrisburg, Illinois, June 6, 1947. Pearson was not as sure about the Federal case against Iva Toguri D’Aquino (Tokyo Rose). Although the columnist was aware that there were two Axis Sallys; he noted that Tokyo Rose’s case was substantially different: “There were four different Tokyo Roses, all broadcasting at various intervals to American troops in the Pacific.… We had no witnesses who saw any of the four Tokyo Roses broadcast. No Americans were in Japanese broadcasting stations where they could witness Jap radio. Furthermore, Tokyo Rose did not visit prisoner-of-war camps in Japan, as did Axis Sally in Germany.” Nevertheless, Iva Toguri D’Aquino was convicted of treason on September 29, 1949. She was released on parole in January 1956. President Gerald R. Ford pardoned her in 1977.

³⁴⁰
Drew Pearson Broadcast Script, undated. Drew Pearson Papers, Austin, TX: Lyndon B Johnson Presidential Library (NARA).

³⁴¹
Ibid.

³⁴²
FBI File 61-39 FBI Interview with Homer Charles McNamara (NARA) August 23, 1948, p. 9.

³⁴³
FBI File Philadelphia Field Office #61-180 Statement of John Patrick Butler August 24, 1948, pp. 5–6.

³⁴⁴
FBI Internal Memorandum f from Special Agent in Charge Philadelphia to Special Agent in Charge Savannah October 26, 1948 (NARA).

³⁴⁵
Ibid
.

³⁴⁶
Memorandum from Assistant Attorney General Alexander Campbell to FBI Director Hoover, December 20, 1948 (NARA).

³⁴⁷
Memorandum from Acting Assistant Attorney General Alexander Campbell to FBI Director Hoover, August 9, 1948, p. 3 (NARA).

³⁴⁸
Ibid.

³⁴⁹
Ibid
.

³⁵⁰
FBI File 61-39 FBI Interview with Homer Charles McNamara (NARA)
op cit
p. 7.

³⁵¹
Memorandum from Acting Assistant Attorney General Alexander Campbell to FBI Director Hoover, August 9, 1948, op. cit.

³⁵²
FBI Internal Memorandum, F. J. Baumgardner to H. B. Fletcher, undated (NARA).

³⁵³
Ibid.

³⁵⁴
7970th CIC Group, Region VI, Sub-Region Passau Summary of Information, January 12, 1949. US Military Records, College Park MD: NARA.

³⁵⁵
FBI Internal Memorandum, F. J. Baumgardner to H. B. Fletcher, undated (NARA). op. cit.

³⁵⁶
“Big Bad Bear,” T
ime
, January 11, 1932.

³⁵⁷
Glacier Bay Administrative History (US National Park Service website—
www.nps.gov
).

³⁵⁸
“No Sale,” T
ime
, September 22, 1947.

³⁵⁹
The New York Times
, August 25, 1948.

³⁶⁰
Conneaut News-Herald
, Conneaut, OH August 30, 1948.

³⁶¹
Memorandum from SAC Guy Hottel to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, August 31, 1948, p. 1.

³⁶²
Conneaut News-Herald
, Conneaut, OH. September 7, 1948.

³⁶³
Handwritten note of Mildred Gillars, August 24, 1948, DC District Jail records (NARA).

³⁶⁴
Letter from Mildred Gillars to Chief Justice of the US District Court for the District of Columbia, August 26, 1948 (NARA).

³⁶⁵
Star-Beacon
, Ashtabula, Ohio, November 24, 1995.

³⁶⁶
Trial’s End, T
ime
, December 11, 1944.

³⁶⁷
Letter from Mildred Gillars to Judge Richmond B. Keech, August 30, 1948, FBI Files (NARA).

³⁶⁸
Letter from Mildred Gillars to John Holzworth, August 30, 1948, FBI Files (NARA).

³⁶⁹
Conneaut News-Herald
, Conneaut, OH August 31, 1948.

³⁷⁰
Ibid.

³⁷¹
Chronicle-Telegram
, Elyria, Ohio September 7, 1948, p 10.

³⁷²
Ibid.

³⁷³
Ibid.

^*
The symbiotic relationship between Hoover and Winchell is well documented in hundreds of declassified FBI files containing correspondence between the two men. The FBI Director regularly leaked information to Winchell, who in turn lionized Hoover in his columns and radio broadcasts and even floated the Director’s name for the Presidency.

10. Destiny

³⁷⁴
Ibid.

³⁷⁵
Burlington Daily Telegraph
, Burlington NC, February 7, 1949, p. 4.

³⁷⁶
Notes from Washington by Richard H. Rovere
The New Yorker
, February 26, 1949, pp. 80-81.

³⁷⁷
Andrew Tully, “Static Axis Sally of Nazi Radio Waves is Quiet Now,”
El Paso Herald-Post
, El Paso TX, January 26, 1949, p. 3.

³⁷⁸
John Bartlow Martin, “The Trials of Axis Sally,”
McCall’s
, June 1949, p. 24.

³⁷⁹
Ibid.

³⁸⁰
The New York Times,
January 25, 1949.

³⁸¹
Chicago Daily Tribune
, Chicago, IL January 25, 1949, p. 9.

³⁸²
“The Trials of Axis Sally,” op. cit., p. 24.

³⁸³
Ibid
.,
p. 114.

³⁸⁴
Lima News
, Lima, OH, January 25, 1949.

³⁸⁵
Lowell Sun
, Lowell, MA, January 25, 1949.

³⁸⁶
Schofield, William G.,
Treason Trail
, Chicago: Rand McNally & Co. 1964, pp. 149–50.

³⁸⁷
Ibid.

³⁸⁸
Chicago Daily Tribune,
Chicago IL January 26, 1949.

³⁸⁹
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, January 26, 1949, p. A5.

³⁹⁰
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, January 26, 1949, p. A5.

³⁹¹
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, January 26, 1949, p. A5.

³⁹²
Schofield, op. cit., p. 155.

³⁹³
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, January 31, 1949, p. A1.

³⁹⁴
The New York Times
, February 1, 1949.

³⁹⁵
Big Role,
Time
, February 7, 1949.

³⁹⁶
Gillars v. United States, US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, October Term, 1949, No. 10.187, pp. 11–13.

³⁹⁷
The Stars and Stripes
, Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany, January 29, 1949, pp. 11.

³⁹⁸
Written transcription of Federal Communication Commission Acetate Recordings made at Silver Hill, MD, on July 27, 1944. Washington DC: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

³⁹⁹
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, January 28, 1949, p. A5.

⁴⁰⁰
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, February 9, 1949, p. B1.

⁴⁰¹
Ibid.

⁴⁰²
The Evening Star
, Washington DC, February 11, 1949, p. B1.

⁴⁰³
Edwards, John Carver.
Berlin Calling
, New York: Praeger, 1991, p. 94.

⁴⁰⁴
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit—Gillars v. United States, 182 F. 2d 962, Washington DC: NARA.

⁴⁰⁵
Ibid. p. 95