Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany (50 page)

²³⁰
Survivors of the Invasion Front
broadcast, August 22, 1944, NARA.

²³¹
FBI File No. 61-35. FBI Interview with Seaborn Warren. College Park MD, NARA, p. 4.

²³²
FBI File No. 61-63. FBI Interview with Paul Kestel, April 22, 1948, p. 6.

²³³
Bergmeier and Lotz (1997), p. 58.

²³⁴
John Carver Edwards,
Berlin Calling
, p. 97.

²³⁵
Washington Post, March 1, 1949.

²³⁶
Ibid.

²³⁷
Edwards, op cit., p. 98.

²³⁸
Ibid.

²³⁹
Ibid.

8. Alone

²⁴⁰
Ibid., p. 61.

²⁴¹
Cpl. Edward Van Dyne, “There’s No Gal Like Axis Sal,”
Saturday Evening Post,
January 15, 1944.

²⁴²
Anonymous (2005)
A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City.
New York: Metropolitan Books, p. 2.

²⁴³
Edward Davidson and Dale Manning (1999)
Chronology of World War Two,
London: Cassell, p. 219.

²⁴⁴
Research notes for
The Trials of Axis Sally
, condensation of
US v. Gillars (Sisk)
trial transcript. John Bartlow Martin Papers, Washington DC: Library of Congress Manuscript Division, pp. 104–5.

²⁴⁵
Ibid.

²⁴⁶
Ibid.

²⁴⁷
Bergmeier and Lotz (1997), op cit., p. 80.

²⁴⁸
Washington Post
, February 27, 1949.

²⁴⁹
Ibid.

²⁵⁰
Ibid.

²⁵¹
Ibid.

²⁵²
Research notes for
The Trials of Axis Sally
, condensation of
US v. Gillars (Sisk)
trial transcript, op. cit., pp. 73–4.

²⁵³
Ibid. p. 12.

²⁵⁴
“Chancellor Hitler’s Orders for a Last Stand in the East,”
New York Times,
April 16, 1945.

²⁵⁵
Statement of Walter Leschetizky to US Military Interrogators. College Park, MD: National Archives and Research Administration (NARA).

²⁵⁶
Statement of WAC Catherine Samaha to FBI, College Park MD: National Archives and Research Administration (NARA).

²⁵⁷
Oral History Interview of Oscar R. Ewing, April 30, 1969. Independence MO: Truman Presidential Library.

²⁵⁸
Ibid.

²⁵⁹
Gregor Dallas (2005)
1945: The War That Never Ended
. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 7.

²⁶⁰
A Woman in Berlin
, op. cit. (Foreword by Antony Beevor), p. xx.

²⁶¹
Antony Beevor (2002)
The Fall of Berlin—1945
. New York: Penguin, p. 282.

²⁶²
John Bartlow Martin (1949) “The Trials of Axis Sally,”
McCall’s,
June, p. 114

²⁶³
“Hunt 22 Americans for Aiding the Foe,”
New York Times
, February 20, 1946, p. 6.

²⁶⁴
Counterintelligence Corps Memorandum from John P. Hogan to Special Agent Thomas McCabe, June 14, 1944. College Park MD: US Military Records Collection, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

²⁶⁵
Interrogation of Rita Luisa Zucca, CIC Rome Detachment, Zone 5, July 5, 1945. College Park MD: US Military Records Collection, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

²⁶⁶
Washington Times-Herald
, Washington DC, June 4, 1945.

²⁶⁷
Ibid.

²⁶⁸
Interrogation of Rita Luisa Zucca. op. cit.

²⁶⁹
Bergmier and Lotz, op. cit., p. 129 (quoted from
Der Spiegel
, September 1949, Seltsamer Haufe).

²⁷⁰
“Americans Seize Axis Sally in Italy; Fascist Broadcaster Born Here,”
New York
Times
, June 8, 1945.

²⁷¹
Washington Times-Herald
, Washington DC, June 4, 1945.

²⁷²
FBI Memorandum from J Edgar Hoover to Assistant Attorney General Criminal Division July 3, 1945, p 2 (NARA).

²⁷³
Letter of Raymond W. Kurtz to the Commanding Officer of the 50th Troop Carrier Group, August 20, 1945, College Park, MD: Military Records Division, National Archives and Records Administration.

²⁷⁴
FBI Memorandum from Alexander M. Campbell, Asst. Attorney General, Criminal Division to J. Edgar Hoover dated October 6, 1948. College Park, MD: National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

²⁷⁵
“The Mildred Gillars Case,” Synopsis of Case Against Mildred Gillars, dated

March 11, 1948. US Counter-Intelligence Corps papers, College Park MD: US Military Records, National Archives and Records Administration.

²⁷⁶
Ibid.

²⁷⁷
Research notes for “The Trials of Axis Sally,” condensation of
US v. Gillars
(Sisk)
trial transcript, op. cit., p. 75.

²⁷⁸
Ibid. p. 76.

²⁷⁹
Ibid.

²⁸⁰
“The Mildred Gillars Case,” Synopsis of Case Against Mildred Gillars, dated March 11, 1948. US Counter Intelligence Corps papers, op. cit.

²⁸¹
“Axis Sally Admits Guilt; Ready for Consequences,” United Press wire story datelined March 22, 1946, unidentified newspaper. Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) files. College Park, MD: US Military Records Division, National Archives and Records Administration.

²⁸²
“Axis Sally to Face Treason Trial in the US,”
New York Times
, March 22, 1946.

²⁸³
Ibid.

²⁸⁴
Research notes for “The Trials of Axis Sally,” condensation of
US v. Gillars
(Sisk)
trial transcript, op. cit., p. 77.

²⁸⁵
Ibid.

²⁸⁶
Counter Intelligence Corps Interrogation of Mildred Gillars, Berlin, April 2, 1946, p. 2. College Park MD: Military Records Division, National Archives and Records Administration.

²⁸⁷
Ibid.

²⁸⁸
Ibid.

²⁸⁹
Research notes for “The Trials of Axis Sally,” condensation of
US v. Gillars (Sisk)
trial transcript, op. cit., p. 76.

²⁹⁰
“Axis Sally is Recalled at OWU,” Associated Press report in the Times-Recorder, Zanesville, Ohio, March 28, 1946.

²⁹¹
Research notes for “The Trials of Axis Sally,” condensation of
US v. Gillars
(Sisk)
trial transcript, op. cit., p. 78.

²⁹²
Ibid.

²⁹³
Ibid.

²⁹⁴
Ibid. p. 79.

²⁹⁵
“Axis Sally Calls Art Her Motive”,
New York Herald-Tribune
, December 26, 1946.

²⁹⁶
“Axis Sally Tells Why She Broadcast,”
New York Times
, December 26, 1946.

²⁹⁷
“Axis Sally Still on German Soil,” Associated Press report,
Portland Press Herald
, Portland, ME, January 18, 1947.

²⁹⁸
Referral Memorandum to President Truman on Letter to the President, December 30, 1946. Independence MO: Truman Presidential Library.

²⁹⁹
Referral Memorandum to President on Letter to the President from Joseph Filner of Pittsburgh PA, January 5, 1947. Independence MO: Truman Presidential Library.

³⁰⁰
FBI Memo from K.C. Howe to D.M. Ladd, January 13, 1947. College Park, MD: National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

³⁰¹
Ibid.

³⁰²
Research notes for “The Trials of Axis Sally,” condensation of
US v. Gillars (Sisk)
trial transcript, op. cit., p. 79.

³⁰³
“Axis Sally Seized in Germany,”
New York Times,
January 23, 1947.

9. The Stage is Set

³⁰⁴
“Pro-German Attitude Grows as US Troops Fraternize—Survey Shows Many GIs Have Less Regard for Allies than for Former Enemies—One Major Doubts Dachau Crimes,”
New York Times
, September 29, 1945.

³⁰⁵
The Fresno Bee
, Fresno, CA, August 20, 1948 p. 7.

³⁰⁶
Oakland Tribune
, Oakland, CA, August 20, 1948, p. D3.

³⁰⁷
Oscar R. Ewing Oral History Interview, April 30, 1969. Independence, Missouri: Harry S. Truman Presidential Library (NARA) pp. 156–8. The statute, enacted on April 30, 1790, stated that “The trial of all offenses committed on the high seas or elsewhere, out of the jurisdiction of any particular State of district, shall be in the district where the offender is found, or into which he is first brought.” (Quoted from
Chandler v. United States of America
, United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit, December 3, 1948, p. 8.)

³⁰⁸
Chandler v. United States of America
, United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit decision, December 3, 1948, p. 4.

³⁰⁹
Oscar R. Ewing Oral History Interview, April 30, 1969. Independence, Missouri: Harry S. Truman Presidential Library (NARA), op. cit.

³¹⁰
Memorandum from SA Guy Hottel FBI File 61–116, undated, August 19, 1948.

³¹¹
Ibid.

³¹²
Ibid.

³¹³
Memorandum to J. Edgar Hoover from Special Agent Guy Hottel on Interview of Warrant Officer Catherine Samaha, August 23, 1948. College Park MD: National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). p. 4.

³¹⁴
Ibid.

³¹⁵
Ibid.

There is no corresponding documentation or trial testimony supporting Samaha’s assertion that Mildred visited Algiers during the Nazi occupation of North Africa. Allied forces liberated Algiers in June of 1943. Gillars neither had a German passport at the time (she did not receive one until 1944 after an appeal by Koischwitz to Horst Cleinow) nor a sponsor to accompany her for such a long period to North Africa. It is indeed possible that Samaha mistakenly referred to her travels to Algiers in 1933–34 as part of Mildred’s wartime exploits.