American Uprising (26 page)

Reine, Pierre, 128, 154

Republican Party, 197

Rice, Spotswood, 196

Rilleaux, Delhommes, 108

Rixner family, 136

Robaine (slave), 156

Rochambeau, comte de, 45

Rubin (maroon), 125

Saint Domingue.
See
Haiti

St. Malo, 88–89

St. Martin, Pierre Bauchet, 152

St. Martin family, 136

Second Amendment, 170

Seminole Indians, 184

Senegambia, slaves from, 23

Shaw, John, 119–20, 148, 151, 158

Simon (slave), 124, 234n124

Skipwith, Fulwar, 64–67

slave army

decapitation of, 140, 142, 147–51, 152, 157, 159, 169

executions of, 157

federal militia called against, 142–44

initial attacks by, 97–111, 216

slave army (
cont
.)

January 10 battle, 135–42

leaders identified in trial, 156

march toward New Orleans, 110–11, 115–31, 137

reprisals against, 142–44, 147–49, 157–60, 169

slave drivers

authority of, 74, 78, 84

communication networks of, 81

Deslondes, 74–81, 85

functions of, 77–78, 80

punishments meted out by, 78–80

travels of, 80–81

slave revolts

activist historians’ studies of, 204, 208–9

British crown’s threat of, 172

in Cuba, 35, 98

and Deslondes.
See
Deslondes, Charles

fears of, 172–73, 181, 182, 183, 207

as fight for freedom, 216–17

government protection against, 173

in Haiti, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206

keeping memory alive, 201–2

modern-day cover-up of, 199–210

in New Orleans (1795), 150

in New Orleans (1811) (
see
January 8–29 dates; slave army)

Pointe Coupée conspiracy of, 89

punishments for, 98, 170

on slave ships, 28–29

strategic impact of, 203, 207, 210

talk about, 77–78, 80, 89–90

war oaths sworn in, 36

slavery

chattel system of, 17

and Civil War, 197–98

contemporary histories of, 205–9

death as endemic to, 24, 41, 49

depicted in modern-day tours, 200–201

and Emancipation Proclamation, 191, 192–95

as fact of life, 170, 174–76

and “farmers,” 186

New Orleans trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186

opposition to system, 178

status and wealth linked with, 16, 193

and sugar planting, 15–16, 17–18

and Supreme Court, 197

slaves

African, 17–18, 20, 25, 40–41, 53, 90

as cargo, 24

coercion of, 15, 17–18, 41, 74, 78–80

communication networks of, 29, 33, 34, 81, 86–88, 102, 104

dances of, 20–21, 34, 35

diseases of, 77

and doctors, 126

fomenting unrest among, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87

forced migration of, 23, 24, 28–29, 40–41

freed, returned to slavery, 183

government protection from, 172

headmen, 36

joining Union army, 190–98

labor of, 73–74, 75

as messengers, 34

military-style discipline of, 75

music of, 20

populations of, 17, 179

as property, 16, 41

punishments of, 29–30, 41, 43, 49, 74, 78–80

redistribution of, 34

refusing to fight, 104, 107–8, 125

relationships between, 83–84

religious ceremonies of, 43

rented out, 34

restrictions on liberties of, 174

return on investment in, 80

runaway, 62, 63, 88, 182–83

skin color of, 84

smuggled in by pirates, 175–76

socializing, 20–21, 34, 35

in specific national groups, 36

torture devices used on, 79

trials of, 153–56, 157–59, 160

and U.S. Civil War, 190–98

vegetable gardens of, 19–20

white owners having sex with, 84

women, 30, 81, 83, 84

Smillet (slave), 127

Spain

Adams-Onis Treaty with, 184

civil unrest in, 62

colonies of, 182, 183

French conquest of, 62, 63

militia attack on maroon insurrection, 88–89

territories usurped by U.S., 183–84

and West Florida, 61–63, 68, 182, 183

Stevenson, Adlai E., 216

sugar

price of, 32

production process of, 74–76

sugar cane, 76–77

sugar mill, 76

sugar plantations

and emancipation, 193–94

expansion of the system, 177–78

as factories, 72, 73

mansions of, 71–72

as military-style camps, 78

overseers of, 73–74

slave quarters of, 73

and U.S. Civil War, 191

sugar planters, 14–18

compensation for property losses, 174–76

counterattack by, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 136–42, 143

daily routine of, 16–17

fleeing the slave revolt, 104–6, 108, 123, 128

in Louisiana, 47–48, 52

meeting with Claiborne, 168–71

newspaper critiques of, 161

profits of, 15, 16, 18, 32, 41, 49

reprisals of, 142–44, 147–49, 205

and slavery, 15–16, 17–18

and slave trials, 152–57, 162

volunteer corps of, 170–71, 180

and War of 1812, 180–82

and white supremacy, 205, 207

Tacky (Coromantee slave), 150

Taney, Robert, 197

Texas

and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184, 185

U.S. annexation of, 185

Theodore (slave), 158

Thomassin, M., murder of, 142

Thompson, Charles, 120

Thrasher, Albert,
On to New Orleans!
, 202–3

Toussaint L’Ouverture, François-Dominique, 44, 45

Trail of Tears, 186

Trask estate, 156

Trépagnier, François

death of, 109, 110, 128, 142, 154, 155, 206

Gayarré’s story about, 205–6

grave of, 125, 206

and slave revolt, 108

standing to fight, 108–9, 136

Trépagnier estate

Deslondes’ travel to, 80–81, 83, 86

Dominique’s warning at, 107–8

slave revolt at, 107–9, 110, 126

Trépagnier family, 32, 108

Trouard, Achille, 103

Trouard estate, 158

Troxler family, 136

Trudeau, René

and Jacob (slave), 122

staying to fight, 121

Turner, Nat, 209

Twi dialect, 22

Union League, 216

United States
(schooner), 23

Universal African Legion, 216

U.S. Army

Bureau of Colored Troops, 195

and slave revolt, 161

slave volunteers to, 190–98

U.S. Navy, 188–90

U.S. Supreme Court:

Brown v. Board of Education
, 211

Dred Scott
, 197

and integration, 214

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 14

War of 1812, Battle of New Orleans, 179–82

Washington, D.C., in War of 1812, 180, 182

Waters, Leon, 201–2

West Florida, 61–70

Claiborne’s plan to topple, 61, 62–64, 66–68, 183

and Louisiana Purchase, 63

Republic of, 66, 69

resistance in, 69–70

Skipwith’s takeover of, 64–67

as Spanish territory, 61–63

U.S. annexation of, 68–69, 117, 160, 168–69, 183

U.S. military force in, 120, 143

Wykoff’s plan for, 63–64

Wilkes, Joe, 124

Wilkinson, James, 55, 56

Williams, Mabel, 211

Williams, Robert F., 211–16, 217

Wimprenn, Hans, 142

Windward Coast, slaves from, 23

Wykoff, William Jr., 63–64

Zamora family, 136

Zenon (slave), 154, 240n15

Copyright

AMERICAN UPRISING
. Copyright © 2011 by Daniel Rasmussen. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

FIRST EDITION

Maps by Nick Springer, Springer Cartographics LLC.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Rasmussen, Daniel.

    American uprising : the untold story of America’s largest slave revolt / Daniel Rasmussen. — 1st ed.

      p. cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

    ISBN
978-0-06-199521-7

EPub Edition © 2010 ISBN: 9780062084354

    1. Slave insurrections—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 2. New Orleans Region (La.)—History—19th century. 3. Slavery—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 4. African Americans—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 5. New Orleans Region (La.)—Race relations. I. Title.

F379.N557R37 2011

976.'03—dc22

2010017855

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