American Uprising (25 page)

Gulf of Mexico

map,
5

and Mississippi River, 47

Gustave (slave), 108, 109

Haiti, 39–49

as French colony, 39–40, 44

republic of, 45–46, 47

slave revolt in, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206

yellow fever in, 45

Hambleton, Samuel, 148

Hampton, Wade

at Fortier plantation, 129, 130

and New Orleans defense, 118, 119–21, 143–44

and West Florida, 117

Harry (slave), 127, 154, 230n87, 240n15

Havana, slave trade in, 30

Hector (slave), 158

Henderson (Kenner and Henderson plantation), 87, 127

Henderson, Stephen, 32

Hidden History Tours, 201

Hitler, Adolf, 208

Hotard family, 136

Hugo, Victor, 74

Igbo people, 25

Indian Removal (1830), 184–85

Jackson, Andrew

Native Americans eliminated by, 184–85, 186

at Prospect Bluff, 182–83, 186

and War of 1812, 180–81, 182

Jacob (slave), 122, 187

Jacobinism, 89

Jamaica, slave trade in, 229n80

January 8, 1811

at Andry mansion, 99–101, 135–36

at Bernoudy plantation, 108, 130, 137

at Brown plantation, 105–6, 108

at Destrehan plantation, 110–11

January 8, 1811 (
cont
.)

final preparations for attack, 97–99

initial attacks, 99–103

at Labranche plantation, 104–5, 108

march toward New Orleans, 110–11

at Pain plantation, 108

at Rilleaux plantation, 108

slave involvement in revolt, 107, 110, 128

slaves choosing not to fight, 104, 107–8, 125

at Trépagnier estate, 107–9, 110, 126

at Trouard plantation, 103

January 9, 1811

Claiborne’s response, 117–19, 121

at Fortier plantation, 128–31

Hampton’s troops, 119–20, 121, 129–30, 143–44

at Kenner and Henderson plantation, 127

maroons joining the insurrection, 125

at Meuillion plantation, 126–27

New Orleans defense, 119–21

New Orleans in chaos, 115–16, 117

New Orleans lockdown, 117–19

planters’ defense, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 143

refugees fleeing into the city, 116–17

slave march toward New Orleans, 123–31, 137

January 10, 1811

Andry’s actions, 135–37

battle of planters vs. slave army, 135–42

federal reinforcements called in, 142–44

maintaining order, 144

at Perret plantation, 135–36

slaves captured, 140, 142

slaves fleeing into swamps, 140–42

January 12–21, 1811

Claiborne’s response, 159–63

heads on display, 147–51

newspaper reports, 161

order restored through death, 157–59

Orleans Territory court system, 160–61

slaves on trial, 151–59, 160

January 29, 1811

Claiborne’s speeches, 167–71

martial law declared, 170–73

planters paid for slaves killed, 174–76

slave liberties curtailed, 174

slave trade restrictions, 175–76

Jasmin (slave), 125

Jean (slave), 158, 240n15

Jefferson, Thomas, 47, 61, 64

and French culture in Louisiana, 54, 55

and Louisiana Purchase, 51–52

on white agrarian settlements, 184, 185–86

Jerry (blacksmith), 127

Jerry (slave), 158

Jessamine (slave), 158

Jewish activism, 208

John (slave), 158

Johnson, Isaac, 66

Johnson, Octave, 194–95

José I, king of Kongo, 23

Joseph (coachman, Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127

Joseph (slave, Trépagnier estate), 156

Joseph the Spaniard, 34

Kendall, John, “Shadow over the City,” 207, 208

Kenner, Harry, 87, 127, 154

Kenner, William, 32

Kenner and Henderson plantation, 87, 127

King, Martin Luther Jr., 214–15, 216

King’s Ball, New Orleans, 13

Kingston, slave trade in, 30

Kongo

civil wars in, 23, 90

insurrectionary traditions of, 88, 90

military ruse in, 130

slaves from, 20

Kook

Asante heritage of, 106–7

birth of, 22

capture of, 140, 151

and Deslondes, 83, 86

execution of, 157, 187

fomenting unrest, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87, 91, 181, 240n15

forced migration of, 23, 24

and master’s departure, 106

purchase of, 32–33

and slave army, 110, 126, 216

Trépagnier murdered by, 109

trial of, 151–57

Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 212–13

Kwaku.
See
Kook

Kwaku Anansi (trickster), 22

Kwamina.
See
Quamana

Labranche, Alexandre, 104–5, 108

crossing the river, 125

staying to fight, 121

Labranche, Hermogène, 105

Laclaverie, Mr., house burned, 128, 154

Lafayette, Marquis de, 52

Lafitte, Jean, 181

L’Ami des Lois
, 11

Latrobe, Benjamin, 77

LeClerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel, 44, 45

Lincoln, Abraham, 192, 193–94, 195–96, 197

Lindor (coachman), 127

Lindor, Gros, 125, 155

Lindor, Petit, 125

Livingston, Robert, 51–52

Louis (slave), 155

Louisiana

attempted Americanization of, 54–56, 159, 167

brutal slave conditions in, 48–49

Claiborne as governor of, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162

constitution of, 177

court system of, 160–61

and Deep South economy, 178–79

environment of, 77

foreign culture of, 52, 54, 55–59

French Creoles in, 55, 56

French sale of, 51–52

German Coast of, 10–11

history of, 205–6

martial law in, 170–73

and Mississippi River, 46, 47

oral history in, 203

secession of, 188

slave trade in, 175–76

slave trials in, 151–57

statehood of, 162, 177–79, 185

state militia in, 171–72

sugar production in, 47–48, 52

territory of, 51–52

Louisiana (cont.)

and U.S. Navy, 188–90

and War of 1812, 180–82

white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7

Louisiana
Courier
, 161

Louisiana
Gazette
, 171, 175

Louisiana Purchase, 51–52, 63

Madison, James, 56, 58, 172

and expansionism, 63, 186

and War of 1812, 180, 181

Major (hostler), 127

Malcolm X, 214

Malo, Juan, 88–89

maroon colonies

formation of, 88

influence of, 90

joining the revolt, 125

Martin, François-Xavier, 119n233

Marxist ideology, 202–3

Mathurin (slave), 103, 154

McDonogh, John, 71

Meuillion plantation, 87, 126–27

Mexico

and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184

and Texas, 185

U.S. war with, 185, 186

Milton, Major, 143

Mingo (slave), 124

Mississippi River, 9–10, 46–47, 63

as channel of commerce, 10, 47

levees of, 72

New Orleans control of, 46

today, 199

U.S. Navy in Civil War on, 188–90

Monroe, James, 52, 183–84, 186

Monroe, North Carolina, segregation in, 211–15

Moore, Larry, 65

Mooreland plantation, 193

mosquitoes, 77

NAACP, in Monroe, North Carolina, 211–14

Natchez Indians, 237n141

National Intelligencer
, 161

National Rifle Association, 212

Native Americans

heads on poles, 239n149

Indian Removal (1830), 184–85

settlement in Florida, 62, 183

slavery among, 237n141

Trail of Tears, 186

U.S. elimination of, 183, 184–85, 186

and War of 1812, 179, 181

Nazi Germany, 208

Nede (slave), 156

New Orleans

Afro-American History Society of, 201–2

armed resistance in, 88

Battle of, in War of 1812, 179–82

Calaboose in, 157

decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 150

diverse population of, 53, 55–57, 59, 88

federal troops permanently stationed in, 172–73, 180

history written in, 207

on January 9, 115–21

King’s Ball in, 13

map,
95

market in, 19–20

martial law in, 170–73

Mississippi River controlled by, 46

Place d’Armes in, 20

refugees fleeing to, 116–17

restoring order in, 144, 150–51, 157

slave communication networks in, 87–88

slave revolt (1795) in, 150

slave trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186

slave trials in, 157–59

socializing in, 35, 57

stabilization of, 174–76

sugar planting in, 15

and U.S. Navy, 188–90

vulnerability of, 119–20, 207

waterfront of, 31

New York, slave revolt in, 36

New York Times
, 208

Nigeria, slaves from, 25

Nontoun (slave), 127

Northup, Solomon, 73, 77, 140, 141–42, 177

Orleans Gazette for the Country
, 53

Orleans Territory, 63, 90, 160, 162

Oyo empire, Dahomey, 22

Pain, Pierre, 108

Paquette, Robert, 209

Perret, Charles, 135–36, 137, 140, 141, 144

Perry (slave), 124

Peter (slave), 127

Phillips, Ulrich B.,
American Negro Slavery
, 206–7, 208, 209

Phillips, Wendell, 84

Pierre (slave), 104, 231-32n104, 240n15

planters.
See
sugar planters

Pointe Coupée, slave conspiracy at, 89

Polk, James K.

and expansionism, 186

and war with Mexico, 185

Prospect Bluff, Florida, 182–83, 186

Quamana

Asante heritage of, 106–7

birth of, 22

capture of, 140, 151

and Deslondes, 83, 86

execution of, 157, 187

fomenting unrest, 21-25, 33-34, 35-37, 86-87, 91, 181, 240n15

forced migration of, 23, 24

and master’s departure, 106

purchase of, 32–33

and slave army, 110, 126, 216

trial of, 151–57

Reconstruction, 205