American Uprising (24 page)

Patterson, Orlando.
Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.

Phillips, Ulrich B.
American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime.
New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1918.

Rehder, John B.
Delta Sugar: Louisiana’s Vanishing Plantation Landscape.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Remini, Robert Vincent.
The Battle of New Orleans.
New York: Viking, 1999.

Ripley, C. Peter.
Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.

Rodrigue, John C.
Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana’s Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.

Rodriguez, Junius P., ed.
Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007.

Roland, Charles Pierce.
Louisiana
Sugar Plantations During the Civil War
. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1957.

Rothman, Adam.
Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Scarry, Elaine.
The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Schwartz, Marie Jenkins.
Birthing a Slave: Motherhood and Medicine in the Antebellum South.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006.

Scott, James C.
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

Seebold, Herman Boehm de Bachellé.
Old Louisiana Plantation Homes and Family Trees.
Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1941.

Sidbury, James.
Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Sitterson, Joseph Carlyle.
Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South, 1753–1950.
Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953.

Slotkin, Richard.
Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America.
New York: Atheneum, 1992.

Smith, Philip Chadwick Foster, and G. Gouverneur Meredith S. Smith.
Cane, Cotton & Crevasses: Some Antebellum Louisiana and Mississippi Plantations of the Minor, Kenner, Hooke, and Shepherd Families.
Bath, Maine: Renfrew Group, 1992.

Spierenburg, Petrus Cornelis.
The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Sprague, John Francis.
The North Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War
. Dover, Maine: The Observer Press, 1910.

Starobin, Robert S.
Denmark Vesey: The Slave Conspiracy of 1822.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970.

Stauffer, John.
Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass & Abraham Lincoln
. New York: Twelve, 2008.

Styron, William.
The Confessions of Nat Turner.
New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

Sublette, Ned.
The World That Made New Orleans: From Spanish Silver to Congo Square.
Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books: 2008.

Taylor, Joe Gray.
Negro Slavery in Louisiana.
New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.

Thomas, David Y.
A History of Military Government in Newly Acquired Territory of the United States.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1904.

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph.
Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History.
Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

Tyson, Timothy B.
Radio Free Dixie
:
Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Verdery, Katherine.
The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.

Weber, David J.
The Spanish Frontier in North America.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Williams, Lorraine A.
Africa and the Afro-American Experience: Eight Essays.
Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1977.

Winters, John David.
The Civil War in Louisiana.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963.

Yoes, Henry E.
Louisiana’s German Coast: A History of St. Charles Parish.
Lake Charles, La.: Racing Pigeon Digest Pub. Co. 2005.

Young, Tommy Richard II. “The United States Army in the South, 1789–1835. (Volumes I and II).” PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1973.

Databases and Web Sites

American Uprising Slave Database. The database, created by the author, is a cross-reference of the St. Charles Parish Original Acts, encompassing the court trials and reimbursement claims translated by Glen Conrad, the trials from the City Court of New Orleans, as transcribed by Thrasher, and a set of runaway advertisements compiled by Thrasher.

Declaration of the Rights of Man. Accessed at The Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp.

Destrehan Plantation. www.destrehanplantation.org/pdf/destrehan brochure.pdf

Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Louisiana Slave Database 1719–1820
,
in Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, ed.,
Afro-Louisiana History and Genealogy, 1699–1860.
CD-ROM. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 2000.

Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. (SIL) Aukan–English Dictionary. www.sil.org/americas/suriname/Aukan/English/AukanEngDict Index.html.

University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law faculty project Web site, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingyear .html.

Waters, Leon. Hidden History Tours. “Tours.” www.historyhidden .com/tours (accessed February 12, 2009).

Index

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

abolitionists, 178

Abraham (slave), 124

Adams, Henry, 59

Adams-Onis Treaty, 184, 185

Africa

chanting in, 42

embrenche (ritual scar) of, 25

military oaths in, 36

slaves from, 17–18, 20, 25, 40–41, 53, 90 (
see also
specific countries
)

African Americans

and Bureau of Colored Troops, 195

and civil rights movement, 214–17

Congressional Medals of Honor awarded to, 195

and constitutional amendments, 198

courage of, 195–96, 198

legally free, 197, 198

lynchings of, 216

in Reconstruction period, 205

and segregation, 211–15

violence against, 216

volunteers to U.S. Army, 190–98

Afro-American History Society, 201–2

Akan people, 22, 23

blood markings of, 86, 106

Cuban revolt of, 35

and guerilla warfare, 90

in New Orleans revolt, 106–7

New York revolt of, 36

See also
Asante kingdom

Alabama National Guard, 214

Amar (slave), 156, 240n15

American expansionism

and Civil War, 186

and Claiborne, 68, 169

driven by fear, 176

in Florida (
see
Florida)

in history, 210

and Indian Removal, 184–85

and Madison, 63, 186

in Texas, 185

and war with Mexico, 185, 186

Americanization

costs of, 163

of Louisiana, 54–56, 159, 167

American Revolution, 53, 54

Andry, Gilbert, 98, 99, 100, 110, 128, 135, 136

Andry, Manuel, 71–81

and counterattack, 137, 140

Deslondes as slave driver for, 74–81

Deslondes’ attack on, 85, 99

escape of, 99–100, 131, 135, 136

help sought by, 135–36

mansion of, 71–72, 99–101, 135–36

and reprisals, 149, 153, 157, 206

slave attack on, 98–100

and slave trial, 153

slave uprising plotted at plantation of, 86, 127

Aponte Rebellion, Cuba, 98

Aptheker, Herbert,
American Negro Slave Revolts
, 208–9

Articles of Confederation, C.S.A., 188

Asante kingdom

heritage of, 106–7

slaves from, 20, 22, 106

Augustin (slave), 124, 234n126

Baptiste (slave), 240n15

Barry, John M.,
Rising Tide
, 9

Baton Rouge, takeover of, 65–68, 70

Bay of Pigs, Cuba, 215

Bayou Teche plantation, 193

Bazile (slave), 126–27

Bébé (dancing master), 14

Bernoudy, Bernard, 107, 108

Bernoudy plantation, 108, 124, 130, 137, 151

Bight of Benin, slaves from, 23

Bight of Biafra, slaves from, 23

Black Mother, 229n80

Black Power, 215, 216

Black Workers Congress, 201

Bois-Caiman, Haiti, revolt in, 43

Bonaparte, Joseph, 62

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 44, 46, 51–52

Bonnie Blue Flag, 66

Boukman (slave), 43

Britain

and Prospect Bluff fort, 182–83

and slave revolt threats, 172

treason in, 239n149

and War of 1812, 179–82

Brown, James

at Claiborne meeting, 168

Deslondes’ visits to, 83

Kook and Quamana purchased by, 33

plantation of, 32, 86–87, 105–6, 108

and slave meetings, 86–87

as U.S. senator, 178

Brown v. Board of Education
, 211

Bureau of Colored Troops, 195

Burr, Aaron, 67

Butler, Benjamin, 190, 191, 192

Butler and McCutcheon plantation, 124

Caribbean Sea, map, 5

Carnival (1811), 11

crowning of the leader in, 21

and King and Queen of the Twelfth Cakes, 13

and King’s Ball, 13

Carolina
, 23

Carter, Harvey, 120

Cesar (slave), 158

Charbonnet estate, 156

Charles (slave of Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127

Charleston, South Carolina, slave trade in, 24, 30

Chelemagne (slave), 125

Choctaw Indians, 237n141

Christien, Madame, 158

civil rights movement, 214–17

Civil War, U.S.

at Bull Run, 188

and expansionism, 186

and secession, 188

and slavery, 197–98

and slave volunteers to Union army, 190–98

and U.S. Navy on Mississippi River, 188–90

Claiborne, Eliza, 59–60

Claiborne, Nathaniel, 59

Claiborne, William C. C., 52–60

American culture glorified by, 54, 159, 170, 185–86, 206

and American expansionism, 68, 169

on criminality, 159–61, 206

early years of, 53–54

federal militia called by, 142, 169

government control promoted by, 162–63

as governor of Louisiana, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162

history written by, 68, 204, 206, 207

and Louisiana statehood, 177–79

martial law declared by, 170–73

and New Orleans defense, 120–21, 142

New Orleans lockdown ordered by, 117–19

newspaper attacks on, 59–60

official reports from, 120, 159, 161, 162

opponents of, 56–60

on planter violence, 205

reforms introduced by, 174–76

speech by, 168–71

and state constitution, 177

and U.S. Congress, 162, 178

and West Florida, 61, 62–64, 66–68, 183

Clapion, Madame, 141

Coffy (maroon), 125

Cole, James “Catfish,” 212, 213

Communist movement, 204, 208–9

Confederate States of America (C.S.A.), 188, 192

Congressional Medal of Honor, 195

Conrad, Joseph, 147

Constitution, U.S.

civil rights amendments to, 198

on domestic insurrections, 173

Second Amendment to, 170

Creek Indians, 184

Creoles, 55, 56, 88, 90, 200

Croaker (slave), 127

Cuba

Bay of Pigs in, 215

slave revolt in, 35, 98

and West Florida, 67

Cupidon (slave), 153–54, 155

Dagobert (slave), 154, 155, 234n126, 240n15

Dahomey, kingdom of, 22

Daniel (slave), 124, 158

d’Arensbourg family, 136

d’Arensbourg plantation, 88

Dawson (slave), 124

Declaration of Independence, U.S., 172

Declaration of the Rights of Man (French Revolution), 89

Deep South

civil rights movement in, 214–15

economic boom of, 178–79

Ku Klux Klan in, 212–13

Reconstruction in, 205

segregation in, 211–15

Deep South (
cont
.)

white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7, 212

Delery family, 136

Deslondes, Charles

communication network of, 83, 85

death of, 142, 187

denounced in slave trial, 154

fleeing into the swamps, 140, 141

paternity of, 84

revolt plotted by, 85, 86, 90-91, 154, 181, 240n15

revolt started by, 97–103, 110

and slave army, 97–103, 110, 126, 130, 135, 216

as slave driver, 74–81, 85

and Trépagnier estate, 80–81, 83

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 45–46

Destrehan, Jean Noël

and Claiborne as governor, 56

Claiborne’s report to, 159–60

education of, 14

on Epiphany Sunday (1811), 11–14

lifestyle of, 15, 16

mansion of, 14, 125

marriage of, 14

opposition to Claiborne, 57–59

as president of legislative council, 168

production system pioneered by, 76–77

and slavery, 17–18, 78

and state militia, 171

staying to fight, 121

as sugar planter, 14–15, 16–17, 48

as U.S. senator, 178

wealth of, 16, 18

Destrehan de Beaupré, Jean Baptiste Honoré, 14

Destrehan plantation

modern-day tours of, 200–201

slave cabin of, 200

slave revolt at, 110–11

slaves imprisoned at, 140, 151–52

slave trials in, 152–57

Diligent
, 29–30

Dominique (slave), 107-8, 232n108

Dorvin family, 136

Douglass, Frederick, 192

Dred Scott
case, 197

Elisha (slave driver), 127

Emancipation Proclamation, 191, 192–95, 216

Ephraim (slave), 124

Epiphany Sunday (1811), 11–14, 20

Equiano, Olaudah, 25–28

African life of, 25–27

capture of, 27–28

Étienne (slave), 156, 158

Eugene (slave), 155, 240n15

Fanti dialect, 22

farmers, definitions of, 186

Farragut, David, 188–90

First Louisiana Native Guard, 196

Florida

and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184

free blacks and runaway slaves in, 62, 63

Native Americans in, 62, 183

Prospect Bluff fort in, 182–83, 186

Spanish territory of, 61–63, 182, 183

U.S. conquest of, 183, 184

(
see also
West Florida)

Fortier, Adelard, 105

Fortier, Cadet, 127

Fortier plantation, 128–31

Fort Jackson, 188–90

Fort St. Philip, 188–90

France

conquest of Spain by, 62, 63

Haiti as colony of, 39–40, 44

Louisiana Territory sold by, 51–52

Napoleon’s army in, 44–45

revolutionary influences from, 89–90

and slave revolt in Haiti, 44–45

slavery abolished by, 89

François (slave), 104–5, 125

Free-Soilers, 178

French Revolution, 89, 90, 102

Gallifet plantation, 41

Garrett (slave), 124

Garvey, Marcus, 216

Gayarré, Charles, 205–6, 207

German Coast of Louisiana, 10–11

decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 169

map,
95

modern-day tours of, 200–201

plantations of, 32, 72–73

Red Church in, 11, 110, 125

slave revolt in (
see
January 8–29 dates; slave army)

slaves socializing in, 34

slave system in, 17, 18

Gilbert (slave), 158

Gold Coast, slaves from, 23

Grand Pré, Louis de, 65–66

Greeley, Horace, 197

Griffe, Pierre, 142

Guiam (slave), 127