A History of the Crusades (70 page)

      and call for crusade
123

      defeat by Saladin
3
,
100
,
125
,
132
,
147
,
234
–5,
293
,
367

      and First Crusade
2
,
37
,
111
,
115

      Frankish settlement
2
,
111
–16,
132
–7,
161
,
224
–6,
227

      and indigenous population
113
–16,
129
–30,
157
,
292
,
309
,
316
–22

      and Islam
114
,
218
–19,
220
–6,
230
–1,
233
–4,
237
–8

      and Mamluk sultanate
136
–7,
153
,
161
,
168
,
240
,
241
–2,
258
,
291
,
293
,
294
–5

      and military orders
207
–8

      and Mongol invasion
136
–7,
168
,
238
–9,
248

      Muslim revolts
225

      and Ottoman Turks
292
,
297
–8,
299
,
302
,
304
,
308
–13

      Palestine and Syria
132
–7

      political development
118
–24

      and Second Crusade
121
–2

see also
Achaea; Antioch, principality; Athens; Cyprus;Edessa, county of; Greece; Jerusalem, kingdom of;Rhodes; Romania; Sicily;Tripoli, county of

law: and crusader privileges
71
–2

      Islamic
244

      and kingdom of Jerusalem
6
,
133
–4

Lawrence, G.A.
371

Lawrence, Sir Robert
368

Lawrence, T.E.
367
–8

leadership: and First Crusade
2
,
35
–6,
63
–4,
70

      and Hussite crusades
281
–2

      and recovery

      
crusade
260
,
265
,
274
,
295
–6

      
see also
orders, military

leagues
9

      1332
4
–5

      naval
255
,
256
,
269
–72,
287
–8,
335

Lear, Edward
364

Legras, Anne-Marie
12

Lemnos, and Order of Bethlehem
350

Leo I of Armenia
168
,
169

Leo II of Armenia
183

Leo X, pope, and anti-Turkish crusade
284

Léon: and military orders
179
,
185

      and reconquest of Spain
243

Leonard, St,
Miracula
72

Leopold VI of Austria
88
,
149

      and imprisonment of Richard I
95

Lepanto, Venetian control
308

Lepanto, battle (1571)
5
,
256
,
288

      and military orders
346
,
348
,
351
,
360

Lesbos: and Genoa
306
,
310

      Ottoman control
299
,
312

Lessing, Carl Friedrich
375

liberation, and violence
8
,
385
–7

limestone, for building
155
–6

Lister, Charles
369

literacy
90

literature: vernacular
90
–3;
see also
songs, crusade

Lithuania: and crusades
39
,
286

      and forcible conversion
272
–3,
276
,
325
,
343

      and Livonia
272
–3

      and pretended conversions
331
,
337

Livonia: and Christian missions
4

      and Our Lady of Riga
88

      and Swordbrethren
180
,
183
,
189
,
190

      and Teutonic Knights
180
: castle-building
185

      complaints against
324
,
331
,
333

      decline
344
,
358

      and holy war
39
,
276
–7,
323
,
325
,
330
,
333

      masters
333

      numbers
188
,
272

      settlement
187

      subjugation
4

Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
188

Livre de Jean d’Ibelin
134

Lloyd George, David
381

Lloyd, Simon
13

lordship: and central authority
21
–4

      and Christ
87

      in court poetry
95
–6

      influence
13
,
50
–2,
85
–6,
87
–8

      in Latin East
118
,
133
–4,
165
,
186

      and military service
17
–18,
49

      and taxation
56

Louis of Blois
51

Louis of Burgundy
300

Louis II of Bourbon
271

Louis IX of France (1214–70): as commander-in-chief
64

      and Crown of Thorns
149

      and Cyprus
125

      death
38

      and Egypt
3
,
62
,
125
,
136
,
189
,
238
,
380

      and financing of crusades
55
–8,
109

      first crusade (1248-54)
3
,
38
,
51
,
53
,
56
,
58
,
63
,
88
,
125
,
136
,
365

      and Latin East
122
,
123
,
136
,
150

      and mendicant orders
109

      and planning of crusades
62

      ransom
53

      second crusade (1269–72)
3
,
38
,
51
,
83
–4,
88

Louis of Orleans, and Nicopolis crusade
274

Louis Philippe of France
370
–1,
380

Louis of Thuringia
376

Louis VII of France (1120–80): in court poetry
96

      and planning of crusade
61
,
62

      and Second Crusade
38
,
43
,
61

      taking the cross
69
–70

      and taxation
56

Louis VIII, death
109

love, crusade as
100
–4,
110

Lull, Raymond: and criteria for crusades
259
,
260
–1,
264
,
278

      and military orders
207

Lusignan dynasty
126
–7,
172
,
174
,
293
–7,
298
,
312
,
313
,
315
,
320
–1

Luther, Martin: and anti-Turkish war
287

      
and military orders
344

Lutheranism: and military orders
358
–9

      and opposition to crusades
285
–6

Luttrell, Anthony
265

Lydda, cathedral of St George
158
,
160

Lyons, First Council (1245)
43

Lyons, Second Council (1274)
43
,
60
,
106
,
205
,
259

      and financing of crusades
262
,
264

Ma‘arrat al-Numan
219
,
220

madrasa
226
,
228

Mahaut of Achaea
300

Mahdi, and Last Days
211
–12,
244
,
255

Mahdia, Franco-Genoese crusade
4
,
271
–2,
274

Mahona
of Chios
306

Makhairas, Leontios
319

Malik-Shah, sultan
213
,
215
,
216

Mallorca, conquest
188
,
189

Malta: and Knights Hospitallers
339
–40,
347
–8,
350
–7,
361
–2,
387

      as order-state
14
,
348
,
350
–7

      and Ottoman Turks
256
,
347
–8,
349

Mamluks
240
–2,
320

      in army of Saladin
229
–30,
240

      Bahris
238

      and Cilician Armenia
168
,
239
,
247

      and decline of Frankish power
153
,
161
,
168
,
258
,
291
,
293
,
294
–5

      defeat at Homs
261

      and Egypt
136
–7,
239
,
240
–2,
270
–1

      empire
246
–50

      and military orders
183
,
187
,
194
,
299
,
337
–8

      and Ottoman Turks
249
–50,
255
,
284
,
296

      recovery
248
–9

      and Spain
246

      as successors to Saladin
239

      and Turks
236
,
240

      and western response
260
;
see also
Cyprus

Manners, Lord John
369

Manolada, battle (1316)
300

Al-Mānsura, battle
238

Manuel Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1122–80)
62

      and Latin East
123
–4,
144
,
158

Manuel II Palaeologus, emperor
360

manuscripts, crusader
141
,
148
,
150
–1,
153

Manzikert, Battle (1071)
240

marble, for decoration
156

Marcabru, troubadour
93
,
98
–100,
101
–2,
104
,
107

Margaret, wife of Louis IX
151

Margat, castle
135
,
137
,
168
,
184
,
187

      chapel
149
,
163

      Mamluk defeat
241

Maria of Antioch
123

Maria, wife of Amalric
144

Marienburg, Teutonic headquarters
208
,
324
,
331
,
332
,
343

Marinids, in North Africa
245
–6

Marj Dabiq, battle (1516)
250

Markward of Anweiler, and Innocent III
39
–40

Marochetti, Carlo
379

Maronites: and Franks
113
,
114
,
215
,
385
,
387

      and Mamluks
242

Martí of Aragon
326

Martin V, pope
280
,
329

Mary of Oignies, St
10
–11

Masmuda confederacy
244

Mathilda of Tuscany
78

Matilda of England
120

Maximilian I, emperor (1573–1651)
284
,
358

Mayer, Hans
6
,
11
,
13

Mehmed I, sultan (1413–21)
253

Mehmed II, sultan (1432–81)
253
–4,
277
,
299

Mehmet Ali
379

Melisende of Jerusalem
120
–1

      and crusader architecture
162

      and crusader art
141
–2,
143

Melkite Christians
see
Greek Orthodox

Mellon Madonna
152

mercenaries: European
245
,
268

      in military orders
182
,
333
,
343

Muslim
229
;
see also
Catalan Company; Navarrese Company

Mergentheim, and Teutonic Order
358

Merxadrus, Barzella
69

metalwork, crusader
149
,
153
,
157

Mevlevi (Whirling Dervishes)
250

Meyerbeer, Giacomo
380

Michael the Syrian
227

Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor (1225–82)
131
,
305

Michaud, Joseph
373

MiMiliya castle
167

miles/milites
24
–6

militarization
21
–6,
178
–9,
182
–90

millennialism, and crusade preaching
47

Mills, Charles
374

Milly, Jacques de
174

Minnesänger
93
,
100
–1

miracles, and saints
29
–32

miraculum
29
–32

Moclín, battle
180
,
188

Modon: and Knights Hospitallers
347