A History of the Crusades (71 page)

      Venetian control
130
,
291
,
302
,
306
,
307
,
308

Mohacs, battle (1526)
256

monarchy: and control of crusades
12
,
18
,
267

      and regional élites
21
–4

monasteries: Cyprus
173

      and mortgaging of land
55
–6

      and protection of crusaders’ wives
74

monasticism: and laity
27
–8,
33

      and piety
28

      and recruitment for First Crusade
34
,
70
,
87
;
see also
orders, mendicant; orders, military

moneylending, and military orders
191
–2,
194

Monfragüe
180
,
195

Mongols: crusade against
4
,
39

      invasion of Latin East
136
–7,
168
,
238
–9,
248

      threat of invasion
131
,
224
,
246

withdrawal
250

Monk of Montaudo
93
,
94
–5

Monophysites, Egyptian
215

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley(1689–1762)
363

Monte Cassino Chronicle
78

Montegaudio order
179
,
185
,
191
,
202

Montesa order
326
–7,
332
,
338
,
345
,
360

Montfort (Qal‘at Qurain), castle
149
,
167

Morea: Byzantine control
299
,
302
,
304
,
310
,
311

      and Tamerlane
337

Morocco: and military orders
329
–30,
345

      and Spain
245
–6,
267
,
330

mosaics: church of the Nativity
144
–5,
158

      Dome of the Rock
142

      Holy Sepulchre Church
143

motivation
8
,
12
–13,
49
–50,
77
–89

Al-Muayyad Shaykh, sultan (1412–21)
248

Muhammad V of Granada
246

Muhammad XI of Granada (Boabdil)
246

MuMin al-Din Unur
227
,
230
–1

Murad I, sultan (1362–89)
251
–2

Murad II, sultan (1421–51)
253
–4,
312

Murray, Richard Hollins
376

music,
see also
songs

Muslims
see
Islam; ShiI i Muslims; Sunni Muslims

Mustafa, brother of Murad II
312

Al-Mustazhir, caliph
213
,
215
,
219

Al-Mutamid, rule of Seville
243

mutation féodale
22
–3

Naples: and Achaea
299
–302

      and Athens
303
–4,
308

Napoleon Bonaparte: Egyptian campaign
363

      and military orders
5
,
349
,
356
–7,
362
,
371
,
387

Al-Nasir Faraj (1399–1412)
248

Al-Nasir Muhammad, sultan
246

Al-Nasir Yusuf
239

Nasirids, in Granada
245
–6

Nasr-i Khosraw
217

nation state, and crusading
9

naval leagues
255
,
256
,
269
–72,
287
–8,
335

Navarino, and Venice
308

Navarrese Company
301
–2,
304

navies: Genoese
314
,
315

      Mamluk
248
–9

      military orders
184
,
314
,
347
–8,
351
–2,
361

      Ottoman
254
,
256
,
269
,
284

      Tuscan
348
,
352

      Venetian
277
,
302
,
309
,
314
,
316

      and western supremacy
262

Nazareth: cathedral
159

      church of the Annunciation
146
–7,
150
,
157

Negroponte: Ottoman conquest
299
,
308

      Venetian control
291
,
297
,
302
,
304
,
307

Neidhart von Reuental
105

Nerval, Gérard de
364

Nestorians
113
,
215

New Phocaea, Genoese control
305
–6

Nicaea: as Byzantine capital
38
,
61
,
131
,
292

      and People’s Crusade
36

Nicholas IV, pope: and financing of crusades
263

      and military orders
207

Nicholas V, pope, and Livonian crusade
276

Nicopolis Crusade (1396)
4
,
253
,
274
–5,
276
,
336

Nicosia: churches
172

      defences
175
,
297
–8

      Ottoman capture (1570)
288

      St Sophia cathedral
171
–2

nobility
see
knights; lordship

non-combatants, problems caused by
25
,
47
–8,
260

North Africa: crusades
4
,
5
,
13
–14,
284
–5,
286

      and military orders
180
,
346
,
347
;
see also
Mahdia; Morocco; Tunis

Norway, and Knights Hospitallers
345

Novella, Guillem Augier
109

novels, crusading in
371
,
375

Nur al-Din of Aleppo
122
,
123
–4,
222
,
227
,
228
,
236

Occitan: and
Chanson de Roland
91

      and crusade songs
91
,
92
–3

Odo of Deuil, and Second Crusade
60

Odo I of Burgundy
83

olive oil
116
,
127
,
168

Oliver of Lastours
75

Omer Talib
257

Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary
182

Order of Christ
329

Order of San Julián de Pereiro
179

order-state: Livonia as
333
,
358

      Malta as
348
,
350
–7

      Prussia as
276
,
332
–3,
343
,
344

      Rhodes as
333
–4

orders, mendicant: and Louis IX
109

      and preaching of crusades
45

orders, military
135
,
144
,
176
–210,
323
–62

      art and architecture
149
,
163
,
167
,
173
–4

      in Baltic
183
–4,
185
,
186
,
188
,
206
,
208
,
276
,
330
–1,
344
–5

      changing roles
207
–8,
354
–5

      and chapters
199
–200

      charitable role
177
,
191
,
196
,
203
,
362
,
388
–9

      in Cilicia
168
,
183

      and conventual life
12
,
176
,
199
–200,
202
–4

      criticisms
205
–6,
210
,
324
,
331
,
333
,
341
,
355

      and decline of military function
357
–62

      discipline
188
–9,
203
–4

      early-modern
343
–50

      history
12

      and indigenous populations
335
,
355

      leadership
198
–200,
327
–9,
337

      and Mamluks
183
,
187
,
194
,
299
,
337
–8

      
military roles
2
–3,
182
–90,
196
,
323
,
330
,
341
,
346
–7,
357
–8

      modern
350
–7

      and moneylending
191
–2,
194

      nationalization
345
–6

      and orderstates
332
–8,
348
,
350
–7

      organization
198
–202

      origins and foundations
176
–82

      and property management
12
,
191
,
192
,
198
,
199

      recruitment
189
,
196
–8,
273
–4,
323
,
332
,
340

      reforms
328
–9,
342

      religious role
340

      resources
192
–6,
205
,
206
,
207
,
338
–40

      revival attempts
371
–2

      secularization
88
–9,
343
,
344
,
358
–9

      sergeants-at-arms
176
,
182
,
197
,
201
,
203
,
341

      and sisters
176
,
199
,
201
,
340
,
362

      structure
338
–42

      unification
265
,
324
,
341
;
see also
clergy; Knights Hospitaller; Knights Templar; papacy; Spain; Teutonic Knights

Ordre de la Milice Chrétienne
350

orientalism, and interest in Muslim East
363

Orkhan, Ottoman bey
251
,
311

Orseln, Werner von
331

Orthodox
see
Greek Orthodox; Russian Orthodox

Osman, warlord
292

Ottokar II of Bohemia
188

Ottoman Turks: and Aegean
307
,
311

      and Balkans
252
,
253
,
255
,
256
,
269
,
277

      and Byzantine empire
252
–4,
311
–12

      as elite
320

      and Janissaries
251
–2

      and Knights Hospitallers
200
,
286
,
311
,
334
,
335
–6,
337
–8,
347
–8,
361

      and Latin East
292
,
297
–8,
299
,
302
,
304
,
308
–13

      and Mamluk sultanate
249
–50,
255
,
284
,
296

      and Mediterranean
351
–2

      and naval leagues
269
–72

      and Nicopolis
4
,
253
,
274
–5,
276

      and North Africa
285

      rise
250
–7

      and Spain
282
,
285
,
288
–9

      threat to west
4
–5,
284
–8,
311
–12,
359
,
363
;
see also
Hungary; navies; Venice

painting: crusader
140
,
144
–5,
148
,
154
,
158
,
173

      manuscript
148
,
150
–1,
153
;
see also
icons

Palestine: conquest by Saladin
3
,
100
,
125
,
132
,
147
,
293
,
367

      in court poetry
95

      Frankish settlement
132
–7

      Ottoman conquest
4
,
297

      overland routes to
38
,
68

      sea routes to
38
,
68
;
see also
Holy Places; Jerusalem (city); Jerusalem, kingdom of; Latin East

papacy: and anti-Turkish crusades
277
–80,
284
,
287
–8

      and Byzantine empire
313
–14

      and Catalan Company
303
–4

      and crusade treatises
259

      and expansionism
18
–19,
65

      and frontier crusades
269
–72

      and Greek Orthodox Church
127

      and Latin East
123
,
294

      limitations of power
47
,
48

      and military orders
181
,
194
,
202
,
206
,
349
–50: and Knights Hospitallers
324
,
325
,
336
,
347
,
354
–5,
388

      and Knights Templar
209
–10,
323
–4