White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America (40 page)

9 T.B. Macaulay,
History of England
(1863).

10 Theodore Rabb,
Jacobean Gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys 1561–

1629
(1998).

11 Hubert Hall,
History of the Customs Revenue in England
(1885).

287

WHITE CARGO

12 John Smith,
The Complete Works of Captain John Smith
(1986).

13 H.E. Marshall,
This Country of Ours: The Story of the United
States
(1917).

14 Kingsbury,
Records of the Virginia Company
.

15 Ted Nace,
Gangs of America: The Rise of Corporate Power and
the Disabling of Democracy
(2003).

16 Kingsbury,
Records of the Virginia Company
.

17 L.W. Grant and James Munro (eds),
Acts of the Privy Council of
England
, Vol. 1 1613–1680 (1908).

18 Kingsbury,
Records of the Virginia Company
.

19 John Donne,
The Sermons of John Donne
(1984).

20 John Rolfe, letter to Sir Edwin Sandys, 1619, in Kingsbury,
Records of the Virginia Company
.

21 Engel Sluiter, ‘New light on the 20 and odd Negroes’,
William
and Mary Quarterly
, April 1997.

22 Hugh Fred Jope,
The Flying Dutchman
(1993). Private publication cited in Hashaw, Tim, ‘Malunga: The African Origins of the American Melungians’,
Electra Magazine
, July/August 2001.

CHAPTER FIVE

1 Theodore Allen,
The Invention of the White Race
(1994
).

2 Indenture Between Four Adventurers of Berkeley Hundred and Robert Coopy of Nibley
, Thomas Jefferson Papers,
Series 8, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/

3 Smith of Nibley correspondence,
Thomas Jefferson Papers
, ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Charles E. Hatch Jr,
America’s Oldest Legislative Assembly and
its Jamestown Statehouses
(1956).

6 James Curtis Ballagh,
White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia:
A Study of the System of Indentured Labor in the American
Colonies
(2004).

7 Philip Alexander Bruce,
Economic History of Virginia in the
Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry Into the Material Condition of the
People, Based Upon Original and Contemporaneous Records
(1896).

288

NOTES

8 William W. Hening,
The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All
the Laws of Virginia from the First Session of the Legislature
(1823).

9 Bruce,
Economic History of Virginia
.

10 Susan Kingsbury,
An Introduction to the Records of the Virginia
Company of London
(1905).

11 Ibid.

12 Theodore K. Rabb,
Jacobean Gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys
1561–1629
(1998).

13 Wesley Frank Craven,
Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The
Failure of a Colonial Experiment
(1932).

14 Kingsbury,
Records of the Virginia Company
.

15 Ibid.

16 Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom:
The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(1975).

17 Ted Nace,
Gangs of America: The Rise of Corporate Power and
the Disabling of Democracy
(2003).

18 John Smith,
The True Travels, Adventures and Observations of
Captain John Smith
(1630).

CHAPTER SIX

1 Richard Frethorne’s letters to his parents, March 1623, in Kingsbury, Susan,
An Introduction to the Records of the Virginia
Company of London
(1905).

2 Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom:
The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(1975).

3 Wesley Frank Craven,
Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The
Failure of a Colonial Experiment
(1932).

4 Jacqueline Jones,
American Work: Four Centuries of Black and
White Labor
(1998).

5 Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on The State of Virginia
(1801).

6 Theodore W. Allen,
The Invention of the White Race
(1994).

7 Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
.

8 Craven,
Dissolution of the Virginia Company
.

9 Abbot Emerson Smith,
Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude
and Convict Labor in America, 1607–1776
(1947).

10 Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
.

289

WHITE CARGO

11 John Hammond,
Leah and Rachel or the Two Fruitful Sisters
Virginia and Maryland
(1656).

12 James Morton Smith (ed.),
Seventeenth Century America:
Essays in Colonial History
(1959).

13 Anon.,
The Life of Thomas Hellier
(1678).

14 Ibid.

15 Edmund S. Morgan, ‘The First American Boom 1618–1630’,
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1971.

16 Charles McKew Parr, ‘The Voyages of David de Vries’,
William
and Mary Quarterly
, July 1970.

17 Mary Johnston,
The Old Dominion: An Account of Certain
Prisoners of Hope
(1899).

18 Thomas J. Wertenbaker,
The Planters of Colonial Virginia
(1922).

19 Bernard Bailyn,
The Peopling of British North America: An
Introduction
(1988) and
Voyagers to the West
:
A Passage in the
Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution
(1988).

20 Wesley Frank Craven,
The Virginia Company of London: 1606–

1624
(1997).

CHAPTER SEVEN

1 John Winthrop sermon, ‘A Model of Christian Charity’, 1630, in Rosenbaum, Stuart (ed.),
Pragmatism and Religion: Classical
Sources and Original Essays
(2003).

2 Thomas Morton,
New English Canaan
(1637). See also Connors, Donald F.,
Thomas Morton
(1969) and Dunn, Richard S.,
Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England,
1630–1717
(1962).

3 Morton,
New English Canaan
.

4 Ibid.

5 William Bradford,
History of the Plymouth Plantation
(1901).

6 Thomas Dudley, letter to Bridget Countess of Lincoln, 1631, in Young, Alexander,
Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony
of Massachusetts Bay, from 1623–1636
(1846).

7 Ibid.

8 Timothy Paul Grady,
On the Path to Slavery: Indentured
Servitude in Barbados and Virginia During the Seventeenth
290

NOTES

Century
(2000), http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02252000-09590007/

9 Lawrence William Towner,
A Good Master Well Served: Masters
and Servants in Colonial Massachusetts 1620–1750
(1998).

10 Grady,
On the Path to Slavery
.

11 John West, letter to Commissioners for Plantations,
Calendar
of State Papers
, Colonial, Vol. IX, No. 7, National Archive.

12 Philip Alexander Bruce,
Economic History of Virginia in the
Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry Into the Material Condition of
the People, Based Upon Original and Contemporaneous Records
(1896).

13 William Tucker, will dated London, 12 Oct 1642, http://

homepages.rootsweb.com/~bianco/Resources/riddle.html 14 Grady,
On the Path to Slavery
.

15 Archives of Maryland, Vol. 10, 1649–50, http://www.msa.

md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/html/index.

html

16 John Van der Zee,
Bound Over: Indentured Servitude and
American Conscience
(1985).

17 Maryland Calendar of Wills, Vol. 1, http://www.usgennet.

org/usa/md/state/wills/01/addenda.html

18 Ibid.

19 Abbot Emerson Smith,
Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude
and Convict Labour in America, 1607–1776
(1947).

CHAPTER EIGHT

1 W. Bullock,
Virginia Impartially Examined
(1649).

2 Ibid.

3 Morgan Godwin,
The Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate: Suing for
Their Admission Into the Church
(1680).

4 Abbot Emerson Smith,
Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude
and Convict Labor in America, 1607–1776
(1947).

5 Walter Hart Blumenthal,
Brides from Bridewell: Female Felons
Sent to Colonial America
(1962).

6 Peter Wilson Coldham, ‘The Spiriting of London Children to Virginia, 1648–1685’,
The Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography
, Vol. 83, No. 3, July 1975.

291

WHITE CARGO

7 Ned Ward,
The London Spy
(1699).

8 Ibid.

9 Legal affidavits quoted by D. George,
London Life in the 18th
Century
(1930).

10 Miscellaneous sheets 74/515 L2 British Library.

11 Tudor and Stuart proclamations, 2613a, Bodleian Library.

12 Peter Coldham,
Emigrants in Chains: A Social History of Forced
Emigration to the Americas, 1607–1776
(1992).

13 Smith,
Colonists in Bondage
.

CHAPTER NINE

1 Fernand Braudel,
Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th
Century
(1984).

2 Theodore W. Allen,
The Invention of the White Race
(1994).

3 T.W. Moody,
The Londonderry Plantation: 1609–1641
(1939).

4 High Court of Admiralty Miscellany, Bundle 30/636, Public Records Office.

5 The Papal Nuncio in Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, writing in 1654; quoted in MacInerny,
Irish Slaves in the West
Indies
, (1909).

6 T.B. Macaulay,
History of England
(1863).

7 John Prendergast,
The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland
(1865).

8 Charles George Walpole,
A Short History of the Kingdom of
Ireland
(Kegan Paul, 1882).

9 The term ‘tory’ comes from the Irish
tóraí
, or outlaw. Many tories were former soldiers, or irregulars, fighting on the Irish Confederate side against the Cromwellians, some of whom later turned to crime. A later term for a rural bandit was ‘rapparee’, from the Irish
rápaire
. These were sometimes Jacobite guerrillas fighting against the Williamite forces, who also sometimes turned to crime once hostilities had ended.

10 MacInerny,
Irish Slaves in the West Indies
.

11 Walpole,
Short History of the Kingdom of Ireland
.

12 Cotton Mather,
Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcraft
and Possession
(1689).

292

NOTES

CHAPTER TEN

1 George Pratt Insh,
Scottish Colonial Schemes 1620–1686

(1922).

2 H.C.B. Rogers,
Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars 1642–

1651
(1968).

3 Quoted in Abbot Emerson Smith,
Colonists in Bondage: White
Servitude and Convict Labour in America, 1607–1776
(1947).

4 Robert Wodrow,
The History of the Sufferings of the Church of
Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution
(1836–1838).

5 John H. Thomson (ed.),
A Cloud of Witnesses for the Royal
Prerogatives of Jesus Christ; or, The Last Speeches and Testimonies
of Those Who Have Suffered for the Truth in Scotland, Since the
Year 1680
(1871).

6 J. Calderwood, ‘Collection of Dying Testimonies’, 1806, in Thomson, ibid
.

7 Ibid.

8
Register of the Privy Council of Scotland
, Third Series, Vol. VII.

9 Ibid.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

1 Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom:
The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(1975).

2 Lerone Bennett Jr,
The Shaping of Black America
(1975).

3 Audrey Smedley,
Race in North America: Origin and Evolution
of a Worldview
(1993).

4 Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom
.

5 Massachusetts Body of Liberties 1641, in
The Colonial Laws of
Massachusetts
(1889).

6 Act of 1670, in William W. Hening,
The Statutes at Large: Being
a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia from the First Session of
the Legislature
(1823).

7 Henry Read McIlwaine (ed.),
Minutes of the Council and
General Court of Colonial Virginia, 1622–1632
(1924).

8 Frank W. Sweet,
‘
The Invention of the Colour Line’, http://

www.backintyme.com/essay050101.htm

9 Act of 1662, in Hening,
Statutes at Large
.

293

WHITE CARGO

CHAPTER TWELVE

1 Maurice Bloomfield (trans.), ‘Hymns of the Atharva Veda’, in
Sacred Books of the East
, Vol. 42 (1897).

2 Robert H. Schomburgk,
The History of Barbados
(1971).

3 Hilary Beckles,
White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados
,
1627–1715
(1989).

4 Ibid.

5 Richard Ligon,
A True and Exact History of the Island of
Barbados
(1657).

6 Ibid.

7 Figures extrapolated from data published by the International Institute of Social History, including Global Price and Income Group,
English Prices and Wages, 1209–1914
, and van Zanden, Jan Luiten,
Wages and the Cost of Living in Southern England,
1450–1700
.

8 Eric Williams,
Capitalism and Slavery
(1944).

9 For an informative and enlightening discussion of this point, see Beckles,
White Servitude and Black Slavery
.

10 Governor Atkins,
Colonial Office Papers
, 1/37, No. 51, Public Records Office.