White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America (44 page)

94,

95

children born to servants

Cork, Ireland 144, 147

Burgesses, Maryland 124–5

197,

201

Courteen, Sir William 178–9

Burke, Edmund 11, 274

‘Duty Boys’ 80

Covenanters 155, 157,

Butler, Nathaniel 112

illegitimate 186

162–4,

230

Ireland 23, 147, 150

Cradock, Mathew 143

Cadiz 31, 56

kidnapped 127–8, 130–5,

crime in England 27, 38,

Campbell, Duncan 273

236, 236–8, 240–1

39, 77, 128, 130, 135,

Campbell, Lord 36–7

mortality 219, 222–3

249,

271–3

Caribbean

Portuguese 76–7

Cromwell, Oliver

black slavery 176

Privy Council threat 84

corpse disinterred 211

emigrants 15, 143

round-ups 76, 78–84

military campaigns,

piracy 86

Sandys’s role 84, 96

England

161

rebellion 191, 212

sexual abuse 260

military campaigns,

sugar 177–8, 180

sold in colonies 85, 108,

Ireland

145–6

transportation to 12, 229

119, 184, 219, 223, 225

military campaigns,

treatment of servants 16,

street children 12–13, 73,

Scotland

160

18, 188, 258

76–8

policies in Ireland 13, 128,

Carlisle, Earl of 179

transportations 12–13, 95,

142, 147, 188

Carr, Robert 72

190

policy in Caribbean 153,

Catherine of Aragon, queen

City of London 78

189–90

of England 75

Civil War, American 41,

policy in Virginia 206

Cecil, Sir Robert 36, 43,

172, 195, 203

Crown of London
155

53, 72, 76

Civil War, English 80, 159,

Culloden, battle of 230–1

314

INDEX

Cumberland, Duke of 231

navy 77

free willers,
see
indentured

Custom of the country

Palatine migrants 215

servants

122–3

sugar 177–8

Frethorne, Richard 100–2,

trade and traders 57, 86–7,

260

Dale, Sir Thomas

180,

189

appeal to Smythe 68

wars 56

Galleons Reach, Woolwich

appointments in Virginia

Duty
80, 84

273

56,

62

gaols (and jails)

call for convict labour 64,

East India Company 29,

Breton 25

66,

67

55,

81

British 27, 65, 150,

Dale’s Law and

East Indies 76

160, 162, 28, 248, 268,

punishment 62, 63, 94

Eddis, William 256–7

272

labourers, conditions

Edward VI, king of England

gaol fever,
see
diseases

imposed on 69

75

Popham, influence over

Dayrolle, James 216–17

Elfrith, Captain Daniel

42

Declaration of Independence,

86–7

jailbird colonists 106

American

17

Elizabeth, queen of England

jails emptied 106, 247

Defoe, Daniel 15, 17, 131,

22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30,

Gates, Sir Thomas

216–17,

233

31–3, 37, 139, 141

Algonquin, battles with

De La Warr, Lord 61, 62

Enclosure Acts 22, 90

66–7

Devereux, Robert, Earl of

Essex, Earl of,
see
Devereux,

appointment in Virginia

Essex 31–2, 39–40, 56,

Robert

56,

62

137

Dale’s Code 62

Dickenson, Jane 103

Fawkes, Guy 36

‘Third Supply’ 58–60

disease

felons

George I, king of England

among convicts, servants,

danger in colonies 206,

227

etc. 252, 264, 268

250

George II, king of England

Barbados 184

illness 269

231

gaol fever 268–9, 272

ill-treatment of 251

George III, king of England

Ireland

148

Irish

255–6

271,

275

New England 117

prison hulks 272–3

Germany 39, 213–14

Palatine migrants 216–18

transportation 65, 70,

Gift of God
43–4

prisoners of war 160

248–50

Gilbert, Bartholomew 34

Thomas Jefferson on 17

runaways 209

Gilbert, Raleigh 44–5

Virginia 50–2, 92, 100

Ferrar, John 73, 95

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 22–3,

Drake, Sir Francis 27, 29,

Fisher Island 268

33–4, 43, 258

49, 86, 137

Florida 24, 34, 36, 64

Glover, Anne ‘Goody’

Drax, James 179–82, 192

Foreward, Jonathan 249,

152–3

Donne, John 85, 131, 258,

250

gold

288

Fornication 201

false gold 53

Dublin

Fort Greene Park 273

gold fever 50

deportations 256

Fort St George 33–4

Golden Hind, The
26

kidnapping 131, 236,

France

mining 36

243,

245–6

Charles II, exile 159, 161

promises of 53

newspapers 255–6

plan to dump England’s

rights over 28

Pale 140

‘unwanted’ in 39

satire, Ben Johnson 35–6

Dudley, Sir Thomas 117

religious wars 23

search for 27, 35, 44, 48,

Dunbar, battle of 160

Stuart, Charles Edward

49, 51, 67

Dunmore, John Murray,

231

Spanish colonies 12

4th earl of 280–1

Stuart, James Edward

Spanish gold, seized 47

Durham 160

227

tales of 24, 25, 35

Dutch

Virginia Company

Gondomar, Spanish minister

code of obedience 62

recruitment in 57

68

colonies 171, 174, 230

war in America 67

Good Friday massacre 99,

flag 85

Franklin, Benjamin 268–9

102, 111, 171

315

WHITE CARGO

Goodwin family 151–3

white servants 12,

141,

144–5

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando

14–15, 111, 170,

transportation 142, 147–50

39–40, 42–3, 45

172–3, 175, 212

Ulster plantation 58

Gosnold, Bartholomew

freedom dues 122, 124,

West Indies,

142

34–5, 48, 50–2

186,

212

Irish

Great Mogul 55

Frethorne, Richard

Barbados 180, 182, 188,

Greyfriars’ Bobby 158

100–2,

260

190–2

Greyfriars Kirk 158, 164

Harrison, Mary 197

Caribbean 142–3, 153,

Harrower, John 253

181

Hakluyt, Richard 27–8, 34, 50

Hinton, Elias

105

Convicts

250

Hammond, John 106

Hellier, Thomas, murderer

defamation of 13, 139,

Hamor, Ralph 69

106–8,

112

140

Hampton-Northampton

illegitimate children,

Jamaica 153

ironworks 257–8

penalties for bearing 201

Newfoundland 154

Harrison, Mary, servant 197

Johnson, Anthony

prisoners deported from

Harrison, William Henry,

169–71,

175

England

161

US President 91

laws 107, 188, 190–1

runaways 262–3

headright system

length of service 12, 90–1,

Virginia 206

Barbados 182

123, 150, 186–7, 190,

Isle of Skye 234

Carter, John 196

214, 259, 190, 201

frauds 120–1

mortality 176, 223

Jacobites

introduced 38, 89–90

Pearce, Thomas 270

prisoners 227–9, 231

Ireland, emigration 138

punishment 93–5, 172–5,

Stuart, Charles Edward 230

Lee, Richard 195

190–1,

197

Stuart, James Edward, the

Maryland 118

puritan servitude laws

‘Old Pretender’ 227

Smith, Henry 200

117–19, 122, 128

transportation of 228–30

Virginia 92–3, 118

sale of 12, 110–11,

Jamaica 153, 178, 188,

Henry VIII, king of England

118–21, 149, 162, 240,

191–2, 229, 273

22, 75, 139, 141

252–3,

280

James I, king of England

Holinshed,

Raphael,

‘slaves’ 15, 68, 103, 115,

decision to transport

historian 21

130, 143, 149, 164,

convicts

70–1

Holland 39, 56, 213, 216,

181

decision to transport

230,

244

Sprigs, Elizabeth 260–1

‘rowdy youths’ 72

House of Commons 70, 78,

Webster, William 270

fear of plague 65

81, 93, 100

Ingram, David 24–5

inquiry into Virginia

Howard, John 272, 274

Ireland

massacre

111

Hudson Valley 219, 221

Anglo-Norman

period

relationship with Sir Thomas

Hunter, Robert 218–21, 138–40

Smythe 32, 34

227

Barbados 143–4

Virginia charter, awards 54

Cromwell,

see
Cromwell,

Virginia charter, revokes 112

indentured servants

Oliver

James II, king of England 131

Abbott, Elizabeth

80

Elizabethan period 38, 137

James, River 47, 51, 67, 91,

abuse of 14–15, 89, 91,

Gilbert,

see
Gilbert,

100, 105, 171

96, 100, 103, 105, 112,

Humphrey

Jamestown

122–4, 198–9, 200–1

Massachusetts 150–1

Africans, first sale of,

appalled observers 110

O’Neill, Hugh

141

see White Lion

chattels 11–12, 14–15,

parallels with America

burnt to the ground,

19, 108–9, 181, 190, 140–2

see
Bacon’s Rebellion

201,

259

Parliament Act, 1703

established 16, 46, 51

Coopy, Elizabeth 92, 99

249

government of 54, 93

Coopy, Robert 90, 100

Parliament, report on

indentured servants, first

Coopy, Thomas 91, 93, deportations

255

sale of 115

99, 101, 112

Popham,
see
Popham, Sir

laws,
see
Dale, Sir Thomas

differences and similarities

John

re-supply of 58, 60

in treatment of black and

Spenser, Edmund 137,

Jay, John 276

316

INDEX

Jefferson, Thomas 17, 104

redemptioners) 84, 94–5,

committed by 124

Jeffreys, George, Lord Chief

150, 190, 224

planters, committed by

Justice 131

Martin’s Hundred 100

38, 190, 198, 200–3

Johnson, Anthony 169–71,

Martin, Sir Richard 70, 100

prisoners of war, murder of

175

Maryland

273

joint stock companies 29,

abuse of servants 106,

servants, committed by

34, 36, 85, 142

194, 198–9, 258, 275,

107,

263

Jones, Rev Hugh 254, 259

278

ship’s captains, committed

Jonson, Ben 35

archaeological excavations

by

251

Jupe, Captain John Colwyn

11

86–7

Catholic settlers 113

National Covenant, Scot–

children 13

land 158

Kalinago 142

convicts 13, 17, 253–4,

Native Americans

Kennebec, River 33, 43, 44

268–9

Abenake

44

kidnapping,
see
spiriting

headright system 138

Algonquin 51, 53, 64,

Kocherthal, Pastor Joshua

indentured servants 18,

66–7, 83, 91, 99,

215,

219–20

124, 186, 247

102–4,

114–16

investors 118

Arosaguntacook

44

Lancaster, Professor R. Kent

punishment 94, 122–4,

Bacon’s Rebellion 207–8

257–8

173

Canibas

44

Lee, Hugh, consul in

racial balance 176

capture 35, 40, 42

Lisbon 76

servants, attempted

charity of 117, 172

Ligon 179, 183–5, 187–8

uprising

211

employment of 64

Liverpool 162, 228–9, 231,

servants, view of 106,

Good Friday massacre 99

250

259

Mohawk 221, 255

London

slavery laws 175

Pemaquid 40

Aldermen

78

transportation to 229,

rights 212

burghers of 57

231, 250, 266

trade 52, 63

City of 57

Mary I, queen of England 29

Wabanaki

40

Common Council

83–4

Mary Queen of Scots 36

warfare 18, 50, 61, 68,

convicts 95

Massachusetts

92, 100, 102–3, 111,

customs dues 81

indentured servants 114–

208, 230, 239, 240,

deporting children 12

15, 150, 151–3

254

kidnapping 13

slavery laws 172, 175