White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America (41 page)

11 Ligon,
A True and Exact History
.

12 Thomas Burton,
Parliamentary Diary, Member in the
Parliaments of Thomas & Richard Cromwell, 1656–59,
(1828).

13 Ibid.

14 Cited in P.E. Moran,
Historical Sketch of the Persecutions
Suffered by the Catholics of Ireland
(1862).

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

1 Theodore W. Allen,
The Invention of the White Race
(1994).

2 Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom:
The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(1975).

3 This was one of many illuminating replies Berkeley gave to questions put by the Council for Foreign Plantations in 1671.

Among other things he claimed that new hands did not often die now ‘whereas heretofore not one of five escaped the first year’.

Personal narratives from the Virtual Jamestown Project, http://

etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1062

294

NOTES

4 Allen,
Invention of the White Race
.

5 Edmund Jennings Lee,
Lee of Virginia 1642–1892: Biographical
and Genealogical sketches of the descendants of Colonel Richard
Lee
(1895).

6 Moncure Daniel Conway,
Barons of the Potomack and the
Rappahannock
(1892).

7 The Assembly passed an act requiring that ‘every master shall provide servants with a competent diet, clothing, lodging, and shall not exceed the bounds of moderation in correcting them and a servant may make complaint to the commissioner and have remedy for his grievances’. Act of 1662, in Hening, William W.,
Statutes at Large
.

8 Archives of Maryland 1661, http://query.mdarchives.state.

md.us/search?site=aom_coll&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&ou tput=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&client=mdarchives_

FE&proxystylesheet=mdarchives_FE&filter=0&q=bradnox 9 Act of 1661, in Hening,
Statutes at Large
.

10 Jill Nock Jeffery, ‘More a Monster than a Man’,
Shore Historian
, Fall 2001.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

1 ‘A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia by His Majesty’s Royal Commissioners 1671’, Collected Papers, XLI, 79, Public Records Office.

2 Peter Wilson Coldham,
Emigrants in Chains: A Social History
of Forced Emigration to the Americas, 1607–1776
(1992).

3 Robert Beverley,
The History and Present State of Virginia
(1947).

4 James Davie Butler, ‘British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies’,
American Historical Review
, Vol. 2, No. 1, October 1896.

5 An Act of 1672 for the Apprehension and Suppression of Runaways, Negroes and Slaves, in Hening, William, W.,
Statutes
at Large

6 William L. Shea,
The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century
(1983).

7 H.E. Marshall,
This Country of Ours
(1917).

295

WHITE CARGO

8 Wilcomb E. Washburn,
The Governor and the Rebel: A History
of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia
(1957).

9 Warren M. Billings (ed.),
The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth
Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689

(1975).

10 Peter Thompson, ‘The Thief, the Householder, and the Commons: Languages of Class in Seventeenth-Century Virginia’,
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 2006.

11 Sir William Berkeley,
A Discourse and View of Virginia
(1662).

12 Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom:
The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(1975).

13 John Goode,
Virginia Cousins: A Study of the Ancestry and
Posterity of John Goode of Whitby
(1887).

14 ‘T.M.’, ‘The Beginning, Progress, and Conclusion of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, in the Years 1675 and 1676’, in Force, Peter,
Tracts Relating to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of
the Colonies in North America
, Vol. 1 (1836).

15 Thomas Grantham,
An Historical Account of some Memorable
Actions Particularly in Virginia as Performed by Sir T.G.

(1716).

16 Marshall,
This Country of Ours
.

17 Charles A. Goodrich,
A History of the United States of America
(1825).

18 Howard Zinn,
A People’s History of the United States
(1980).

19 Theodore W. Allen,
The Invention of the White Race
(1994).

20 Frank W. Sweet,
Legal History of the Color Line
(2005).

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

1 Quoted in Philip Otterness,
Becoming German: The 1709

Palatine Migration to New York
, (2004). The authors are indebted to this work for the depth of understanding it contains covering the events in the first part of this chapter.

2 Joshua Kocherthal,
A Complete and Detailed Report of the
Renowned District of Carolina Located in English America
, (1706–1709).

3 Ibid.

296

NOTES

4 Otterness,
Becoming German
.

5 Daniel Defoe,
A Brief History of the Poor Palatine Refugees,
Lately Arrived in England
(1709).

6 Gottlieb Mittelberger,
Journey to Pennsylvania
(1960).

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

1 Margaret Sankey,
Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 Rebellion
(2005).

2 Quoted in Peter Wilson Coldham,
Emigrants in Chains: A
Social History of Forced Emigration to the Americas, 1607–1776

(1992).

3 John Prebble,
The Lion in the North
(1973).

4 John Prebble,
Culloden
, (1962).

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

1 Cited in A. Roger Ekirch, ‘The Transportation of Scottish Criminals to America During the Eighteenth Century’,
Journal
of British Studies
, Vol. 24, No. 3.

2 Treasury Papers 47, Public Records Office.

3 London Sessions Papers, April 1776, www.oldbaileyonline.

org.

4 Peter Williamson,
The Life and Adventures of Peter Williamson
(1757).

5 James Annesley,
Memoirs of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman
, British Library, 243.I.4.

6 For an interesting account of the Annesley affair, see
Famous
Claimants
, a rattling read published in London, 1873.

7 There are several records of the Annesley trial, the clearest is that edited by Andrew Lang in
Notable English Trials
, William Hodge and Co. (1912).

8 T.B. Howell (ed.),
Collection of State Trials
(1828).

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

1 J.M. Beattie,
Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800

(1986).

2 Proceedings of the Old Bailey, April 1718, http://www.

oldbaileyonline.org/html_units/1710s/t17180423-5.html 297

WHITE CARGO

3 A. Roger Ekirch,
Bound for America: The Transportation of
British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775
(1987).

4 Ibid.

5 George Selwyn, letter quoted in Blumenthal, Walter Hart,
Brides from Bridewell: Female Felons Sent to Colonial America
(1962).

6 Peter Wilson Coldham,
Emigrants in Chains: A Social History
of Forced Emigration to the Americas, 1607–1776
(1992).

7 Ibid.

8 James Revel,
The Poor Unhappy Felon’s Sorrowful Account of his
Fourteen Years’ Transportation at Virginia in America
(1800).

9 Scott Christianson,
With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of
Imprisonment in America
(1998).

10 John Harrower,
The Journal of John Harrower an Indentured
Servant in the Colony of Virginia
(1963).

11 Hugh Jones,
Present State of Virginia: From Whence is Inferred
a Short View of Maryland and North Carolina
(1724).

12 Christianson,
With Liberty for Some
.

13 William Eddis,
Letters from America
(1792).

14 John Lauson,
The Felon’s Account of His Transportation at
Virginia in America
(1969).

15 R. Kent Lancaster, ‘Almost Chattel: The Lives of Indentured Servants at Hampton-Northampton, Baltimore County’,
Maryland Historical Magazine
, Vol. 94, No. 3, Fall 1999.

16 David Waldstreicher,
Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin,
Slavery and the American Revolution
(2004).

17 Gary B. Nash, ‘Poverty and Politics in Early American History’, in Smith, Billy G. (ed.),
Down and Out in Early America
(2004).

18 Jones,
Present State of Virginia.

19 Richard Hofstadter,
The United States: The History of a Republic
(1967).

20 Elizabeth Sprigs, letter to John Sprigs, White Cross Street, London, 22 September 1756, http://www.digitalhistory.

uh.edu/learning_histor y/ser vitude_slaver y/ser vitude_

account1.cfm

298

NOTES

21 Blumenthal,
Brides from Bridewell
.

22 Benjamin Franklin, ‘Rattlesnakes for Felons’,
Pennsylvania
Gazette
, 9 May 1751.

23 Charles Carter, letter to Landon Carter, 1770. Carter Archives, Charlottesville, VA, University of Virginia Library, 1967.

CHAPTER NINETEEN

1 John Howard,
The State of the Prisons in England and Wales
with an Account of Some Foreign Prisons
(2000).

2 Dan Byrnes,
The Blackheath Connection
, www.danbyrnes.com.

au.

3 National Maritime Museum,
Port Cities
(2006).

4 Edmund Burke, quoted in William Cobbett,
Parliamentary
History of England
(1812).

5 A. Roger Ekirch, ‘Great Britain’s Secret Convict Trade to America 1783–84’,
American Historical Review
, LXXXIX, 1984.

6 George Moore,
Letterbooks
, Mitchell Library, Sydney.

7 Sir John Fortescue,
Correspondence of King George III
(1927).

8 Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 10 September 1783, http://

www.oldbaileyonline.org/html_units/1780s/t17830910-20.html

9 A. Roger Ekirch,
Bound for America: The Transportation of
British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775
(1987).

10
Proceedings of the Old Bailey
, 10 September 1783.

11 Ibid.

12 Convict George Townsend claimed in court that he was sold for 60 guineas. See
Proceedings of the Old Bailey,
19 July 1785, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/html_units/1780s/

t17860719-38.html

13 Ekirch,
Bound for America
.

14 Moore,
Letterbooks
, and www.danbyrned.com.au.

15
George Washington Papers,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/

LFBooks/Washington0268/Collection/HTMLs/0026_Pt02_

Chap02.html

299

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301

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