Warped Passages (81 page)

statistical mechanics 116

Stoney, George 10

stop squarks 263, 265

Stoppard, Tom:
Hapgood
159, 160

string balls 380

string coupling 311, 314, 315–16, 320, 331

string theory 5–6, 65, 68, 238, 277–302, 447

and anomalies 290–91

and branes/brane-worlds 6, 51, 57, 58–9, 61, 83, 304, 306, 322, 323

difficulty in testing 69, 74, 296–302

distinguished by its heavier particles 285

duality in 310, 330, 449

earlier version with twenty-six dimensions 289

fermionic 261, 262

and general relativity 68, 278

and the graviton 281, 287, 288

of gravity 5, 33, 69, 287, 288

of hadrons 285–8

IIA theory 313

and model building 68, 71–4, 82–3

and nature 68

new low-mass particles 298

origins 285–8

and particles 5–6, 68, 69, 75

and Planck scale energy 145

and extra dimensions 16, 33, 69–70, 74

principles and equations 67–8

and quantum mechanics 5, 33, 68

and the Standard Model 297, 300, 322

and supersymmetry 260

and tachyons 286, 287, 289

ten-dimensional 292, 313

“Theory of Everything” 293, 297

strings

closed 283, 284–5,
284
, 306, 327, 451

defined 283

five-dimensional 411

the fundamental objects of the world 283, 302

heterotic 291–2, 296–7, 330, 331

new heavy string particles 298

open 283, 284,
284
, 306, 320, 323, 325, 327

oscillation 284–5,
284
, 293, 294, 295, 309, 330

softer high-energy collisions 288

strongly interacting 311, 313

tension 294–5, 311

TeV-mass 407

weakly interacting 311, 313, 315

zero-length 478n33

Strings ’95 conference, University of Southern California 313, 316

Strings 2002 conference 261

Strominger, Andy 293, 298, 309–10, 435

strong force 78, 156, 161,
168
, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 196, 475n16

binding of the nucleus 366

and gluons 200, 232

and GUT 233

internal symmetries 197

strength as a function of distance/energy 233, 235, 270,
272

and supersymmetry 262

and symmetry 201

structure 75–6

substructure 76, 77

Sun 101, 111, 162–3, 308, 367, 376

Sundrum, Raman 6, 237, 329, 332, 337–9, 342, 345, 346, 347, 386, 389, 390, 395, 402, 419–22, 428, 429, 431, 437, 440, 441, 449

Supercollider (SSC) 257

superconductors 147

superfluids 147

supergravity theory 260, 262

eleven-dimensional 304, 313–20, 331, 452

supernovae 162, 299, 376

superpartners 258, 263–70,
264
, 273–6, 344, 345, 457

masses 344, 345, 346, 370

superspace 261–2

superstring theory

birth of 262, 286

and branes 304

candidate for the real world 260, 286–7

dual to eleven-dimensional

supergravity at low energies 313–20, 331

five apparently distinct theories 316

second superstring revolution (1995) 308

superstring revolution (1984) 278, 288–93

and supersymmetry 258–260

ten-dimensional 289, 291, 292, 304, 313–20, 331

see also
M-theory

supersymmetric models 237

supersymmetry 149, 254, 256–76, 382, 383, 435

bosonic and fermionic superpartners 257–60, 261–70,
264
, 273–6

broken 178, 266–7, 271–5, 276, 340, 343–4, 349

and Calabi-Yau manifolds 293

in an extra-dimensional context 335

flavor problem 272–5, 276

and the hierarchy problem 264–6, 270, 275–6, 336

present in fermionic string theory 262

and sequestering 343–8

and string theory 295

and superstring theory 258, 262, 270

supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model 262–4, 291

two-dimensional 261

and unification of forces 270, 404

weighing the evidence 270–75

supersymmetry-breaking models 335, 338,
338

sequestered 346, 347, 349, 350, 370, 386

Susskind, Lenny 452–3

symmetry 190–204

anomaly-free 290

broken 191, 201, 203, 204, 220, 242, 249, 300–301;
see also
spontaneous symmetry breaking

electroweak 218, 219, 241, 242, 244, 249, 265, 409

flavor 195, 196

and forces 197–202

importance in physical laws 193

interchanging parts 191–2

internal symmetries 194–6, 199–201, 202, 208, 210, 211, 215, 217

perfect 203, 204

reflection 191, 192

rotational 191, 192, 199, 201, 202, 215, 216,
216
, 476n19

transformations 192, 201, 202, 215, 257, 325

using theories to make physical predictions 193–4

weak force 212, 214, 215–17, 220

symmetry-violating interactions 342

’t Hooft, Gerard 232

T-duality 450–51

tachyons 286, 287, 288, 289

Taj Mahal, India 192, 203–4

Takeuchi, Takeo 188

tau neutrinos 176

tau 79, 176, 273

Taylor, Richard 174

Terning, John 409

tesseracts 20, 104

TeV (teraelectronvolt) 181, 242, 269, 302, 365, 378, 379–80, 384, 401, 407–12

TeV-brane 401n

Tevatron 181, 186, 189, 269, 346, 378

Texas A&M 315

theories, defined 66

“Theory of Everything” (“TOE”) 293, 297

theory of forces

and false predictions 198, 202, 209

internal symmetries in 195, 197, 199, 200, 201

and massless gauge bosons 191, 208, 209

thermodynamics 72, 73

Thomson, J.J.

identifies electrons 126

“plum pudding” model 126, 127

Thomson, William
see
Lord Kelvin

thought experiments 67

three dimensions 15, 16, 24, 27

baby’s three-dimensional world 1–2,
1
,
472

translating three dimensions from two 21–5,
26
, 27–8

tidal effect 188

time

coordination 90–91

as a fourth dimension 17, 33, 414n

rescaling 417n

and special relativity 90, 91, 92

warped 110

time dilation 91, 94, 113, 387

time-energy uncertainty principle 140

Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 156–7

Tonamura, Akira 135–6

totalitarian principle 228n

Townsend, Paul 313, 315, 316

transverse polarizations 198

triggers 182

truth 67, 68

two dimensions 16

translating two dimensions to three 21–5,
26
, 27–8

Tye, Henry 329

ultraviolet catastrophe 120, 121

uncertainty principle 117, 137–42, 143, 144, 145, 149, 169, 207, 235n, 294, 356

time-energy 140

and virtual particles 222, 226

unified theory 66, 67, 71

see also
Grand Unified Theory

universe 102–3, 111–12, 122–3, 217, 234, 282, 298–9, 403, 422

multidimensional 54–5, 332, 352, 404, 434

see also
cosmology

vacuum energy 298

University of Barcelona 404

University of California at Berkeley 187, 346

University of Chicago 435

University of Maryland 346

University of Minnesota 435

University of Pisa 346

University of Texas 306

University of Washington 365, 374–5

Uranus 85

vacuum 158, 213, 214, 218, 226, 229, 231, 238, 241

energy 298–9, 300

see also
cosmological constant; dark energy

valence, Mendeleev and 9

van der Meer, Simon 186

violin strings 354, 355

virtual particles 225–32, 238, 252

and the anarchic principle 340

as bureaucrats 229–31, 248

a consequence of quantum mechanics 222, 225

defined 225–7, 238

and distance/energy dependence 222, 231, 234, 227–9

and energy 225, 226, 227, 229

heavy (GUT-mass) 247, 248

indirect interactions 228, 229

as intermediate or internal particles 157

measurable consequences 226

and paths 229, 246, 248

in quantum field theory 225

renormalization group calculations 228–9

and the strong force 232

symmetry violations 290

Waldram, Dan 332

warp factors 390–91, 400, 401

warped extra-dimensional models 237

warped geometry 2, 6, 110, 347, 386, 387, 390

and duality 449–50

five-dimensional 418n, 436

hierarchy problem solved 394–7, 402–4, 406, 458

and an infinite dimension 420

and the KK particles’ masses 407

and the Large Hadron Collider 407

unification of forces in 404

see also
locally localized gravity, RS1, RS2

wave-particle duality 136

wavefunction 131, 148

collapse of the 139

of individual electrons 132, 133, 135

of particles 134–5, 143

see also
probability function

wavelength

and momentum 131

of orbiting electrons 128–9,
129

waves

associated with every photon 197

the constant wave 355

oscillations 197–8,
197
, 200

probability 148, 355, 356, 357

sound 100

weak charges 163, 212, 213, 214

weak force 78, 144, 156, 161n, 162, 165, 168,
168
, 174, 176n, 242, 475

and beta decay
166

and GUT 233

parity violation 293

restricted range 207, 213

strength as a function of energy 231, 235, 270,
272