Warped Passages (80 page)

Planckbrane 401n

Planck’s constant 120, 131, 139, 140, 143, 169–70, 474n12

planetary motion 43, 87, 88, 194, 367

Plato 66, 67

Timaeus
138

“plum pudding” model 126, 127

polarization

longitudinal 198, 199, 208–10, 217

transverse 198

Polchinski, Joe 50–51, 297, 306, 307, 309, 310

Politzer, David 231–2

Pomarol, Alex 404, 405–6, 409n

Ponton, Eduardo 347

Porrati, Massimo 347, 443

position-momentum uncertainty principle 143

positron emission tomography (PET) 161

positrons 160, 161, 227,
227
, 230,
230
, 231

potassium-40 161

potential energy 100

Pound, Robert 101

Pozzi, Giulio 136

Princeton University 291, 296, 297, 434, 435, 441

probability function 131–3,
133
, 391, 395, 479n35

see also
graviton probability function; wavefunction

probability waves 148, 355, 356, 357

projection 21, 23–5,
26
, 27–8

protons

collision 181, 182,
409

decay 236–7, 335, 404

emission of additional particles
379

intrinsic spin 164

mass of 78, 171

and neutron decay 165,
165
, 166,
166

positively charged 76,
77

and quarks 9, 10, 77, 173, 174

pulsars 67

quanta 148

light
see
light

quanta quantization

assumptions 119

electron 126, 128–30

hypothesis (Planck) 121, 123, 131

quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 171, 173n, 196

quantum contributions 228, 238–9, 246, 265, 340, 341

QED (quantum electrodynamics) 157, 158, 207, 281

quantum effects 118

quantum field theory 157, 158–9, 214

anarchic principle 227–8, 339

anomalies in 290

and antiparticles 159

and effective theories 223–4

and gravitons 281–2

and quantum mechanics 207

and special relativity 94, 207

and string theory 261, 295, 301

and virtual particles 222, 225

quantum gravity, theory of 145, 282, 301, 316

quantum mechanical contributions
see
quantum contributions

quantum mechanics 65, 81–2, 85, 100, 115–49, 279

and electrons’ orbits 76–7

fundamental principles 117

and general relativity 279, 280, 301

and gravity 80, 279–81, 293, 294, 295

and Planck scale length 279–80

Planck’s constant 139

and quantum field theory 207

and quantum paths 148–9, 228

smaller mass means larger size 401

and string theory 5, 33, 68

and virtual particles 222, 225

quantum paths 148–9, 228

quantum theory 116, 123, 125

quantum theory of gravity 145, 282, 301

quarks

antitop 182,
183

bottom 176, 180, 182

bound together through the strong force 78

the building blocks of the proton 151

charm 176, 272, 348

color-neutral combinations 172–3

colored 172, 234

decay 182,
183

described 173, 287

down 77, 78,
165
, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 202, 215, 236

flavors of 176, 177–8, 273–4, 348

in generations 177

groups of 174

and GUT 234, 236

handedness
165
,
168
, 176

intrinsic spin 281

mass 190, 213–14, 216, 218, 219, 220, 241, 254

origin of the name 171–2

and supersymmetry 263

and photons 173

replicas 175

strange 172, 176

and the strong force
77
, 78, 172, 173, 175, 177

strongly interacting 233

top 176, 180–84,
183
, 263, 265, 272, 348

trapped on a brane 365

up 77, 78,
165
, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 202, 215, 236, 272, 348

virtual antitop 252,
252
,
265

virtual top 252,
252
,
265

quasars 67

and the “Einstein Cross”
103

quasicrystals 4–5, 27

quaternions 104

Quinn, Helen 235

Rabi, I.I. 175

radiation

blackbody 120–22,
122
, 122–3

electromagnetic 155

Hawking 380

high-frequency 120, 121, 122

low-frequency 122

wavelengths 123

radioactive dating 116

radium salts 127

Radon-222 127

Ramond, Pierre 259n, 261, 262, 286, 289

Rattazzi, Riccardo 346–7, 382

Reall, Harvey S. 432n

Rebka, Glen 101

reflective boundary condition 54

relativity 5, 65, 81–2, 85, 88, 113, 114

renormalization group 224, 228–9, 270

rescaling 400, 417n, 430

Riemann, Georg Friedrich 106

Rohm, Ryan 291, 330

rolled-up dimensions 31–49, 52, 224, 292–4, 298, 300, 317, 318, 332, 333, 352–7,
357
, 359, 364–5, 370–71, 408

RS1 385–417

and hierarchy solved 394–7, 402–4, 406, 458

and “Warped Athena” 414–17

RS2 418–432

and model name 427–8

and reception 435–6

compared to locally localized gravity (KR) 443

Rubbia, Carlo 186

Rutgers University 310

Rutherford, Ernest 126, 127, 162–3, 173, 287

Salam, Abdus 163, 169, 217

satellites 85, 123

Scherk, Joel 262, 286, 287, 289

Schmaltz, Martin 347, 348

Schrödinger, Erwin 116, 131, 132

Schwartz, Matthew 406–7

Schwarz, John 261, 262, 286, 287, 289–92

Schwarzschild, Karl 67, 113

Schwinger, Julian 156–7

scientific methodologies

“bottom-up” approach 67

“top-down” approach 67

Seiberg, Nathan 454

Seiberg, Nati 310

selectrons 263, 266, 273, 274

Sen, Ashoke 310

sequestered flavor-symmetry breaking 348–350

sequestered supersymmetry breaking 338, 343–40

sequestering 335, 339–43, 349

sfermions 263

Shenker, Steve 452–3

Shifman, Misha 435

Shinkai, Jisa-aki 432n

Shiromizu, Tetsuya 432n

simultaneity 94

singularity 282

sinkhole (four-dimensional gravity) 444

Skiba, Witek 92

SLAC
see
Standard Linear Accelerator Center

sleptons 263, 269

slicing 21, 22–3,
22
, 28, 51–2

small-scale information, disregarding 28–30

smuons 273, 274

sneutrinos 263

sound waves 100

South Pole 105

space

boundary conditions 49

five-dimensional 414n, 420, 442

flat 111–12, 407, 430n

higher-dimensional 387

lower-dimensional 371

and special relativity theory 90, 91, 92

warped, and gravity 6, 17

spacetime

curved, warped 103, 107–12, 114, 280, 329, 330, 332–3, 386, 389–92, 397, 398–9, 409, 412, 419, 432, 441; growing and shrinking in a warped dimension 397–402

curved with flat slices 390, 391,
391

five-dimensional 387, 388,
388
, 390, 392, 395, 407, 421, 441, 442

flat 391, 392, 479n35

four-dimensional 17, 107, 108, 110, 335

geodesics 108–9, 111

geometry of 110, 111, 112, 309

and gravity 111

infinite warped 420,
420
,
424

negative curvature 389

positive curvature 390

and relativity 114

special relativity 88–95

and antiparticles 159

and general relativity 94, 109

inertial reference frames 95

Maxwell and 155

and quantum field theory 94, 207

relates energy and mass through
E= mc
²
114, 220

space 90, 91, 92

and symmetry 198–9

time 90, 91, 92

spectral lines 126, 129, 130

spectrum, blackbody 122,
122
, 123

speed of light 86, 159

constant 92, 114, 144

finite 90, 154, 438–9

and inertial frames 91

and massless objects 43n

photons 146

and special relativity 170n

spheres 18–19,
19
, 105, 109–10,
110

spin 146, 258, 260

spontaneous symmetry breaking 204, 205–7, 208, 211, 212, 214–15, 220, 234, 406

see also
Higgs mechanism

squarks 263, 269

and sequestering 345

and the Higgs mass 263, 265

Standard Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Palo Alto, California 187, 188, 235, 241, 287

Standard Model of particle physics 10, 65, 71, 78–80, 148, 150–78, 187, 90, 211, 242, 249, 290, 291, 341, 363

advancing beyond 5, 52, 70, 71–2, 81–82, 177–78, 186, 187, 258, 341, 360, 382, 457

defined 78

and experimental tests of 5, 179–89

and GUT 234, 236, 237

heavy particles 79,
79
, 80

and the hierarchy problem 241, 243, 254, 368, 386

and the Hoøava-Witten brane-world 332

the known fundamental particles 174–78

leptons and quarks in 290

parity violation 165

Standard Model particles confined to a brane 5, 81–2, 149, 151–2, 179–89, 201, 258, 261–70, 271,
272
, 273, 275–6, 291, 327, 328, 297, 300, 322, 330–31, 332, 343–4, 348, 360, 364–5, 366, 375, 383, 388,
388
, 393,
420
, 422

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) 174, 363, 382

Star Trek
159

stars 102, 122, 162, 279