Wandering Greeks (41 page)
Authors: Robert Garland
Diogenes of Sinope, Cynic philosopher:
Sent into exile (or alternatively fled) after 362 because either he or his father had defaced the coinage (D.L. 6.20â1; see Branham [2007, 72â73] for numismatic evidence in support of the testimony); spent the remainder of his life in Athens and Corinth.
Dion, tyrant of Syracuse:
Exiled from Syracuse by his nephew Dionysius II in 366; went to live in Athens; returned in 357 to Syracuse, where he established himself as tyrant; became unpopular and went into
exile at Leontini; invited to return to Syracuse when Dionysius II sought to reestablish his power; later assassinated.
Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse:
Withdrew (or was exiled) to Locri Epizephyrii in 356; recovered Syracuse, but in 344 withdrew to Corinth under pressure from Timoleon, who had control of Greek-dominated Sicily.
Ducetius, Sicel leader:
Exiled in 450 to Corinth by the Syracusans after being defeated in battle; returned to Sicily in 446; founded Kale Acte on its north coast.
Euripides:
Accepted invitation from Archelaus, king of Macedon, to reside permanently at his court in 408, having left Athens possibly on account of his unpopularity.
Harpalus, Macedonian general:
Fled from Babylon to Cilicia on Alexander's return from the East, suspected of abusing his position as Alexander's treasurer; fled to Athens in 324, perhaps hoping to stir up a rebellion against Alexander; fled from Athens to Crete, where he was murdered in 323.
Hermocrates, Syracusan politician:
Exiled from Syracuse in 410 following a quarrel with the Persian satrap Tissaphernes; returned to Sicily in 409; died in battle in 407 while trying unsuccessfully to secure his return to Syracuse.
Herodotus, historian from Halicarnassus:
Possibly exiled as a result of his opposition to the Persian-backed tyrant Lygdamis of Naxos (Sud.
s.v.
; disputed by Dillery [2007, 53â54, 63â64]).
Hipparchus, relative of former tyrant Hippias:
Ostracized in 487, the first victim of the procedure.
Hippias, tyrant of Athens:
Escaped from Athens to Sigeum in 510 when the Spartans invaded Attica to oust him; took up residence at the court of the Persian king Darius I; remained in Persia for the rest of his life; accompanied the Persians to Marathon in 490, hoping to be reinstated in Athens as tyrant (Thuc. 6.59.4).
Hipponax, Ephesian poet:
exiled in ca. 450 from Ephesus by the tyrant Athenagoras and settled in Clazomenae.
Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus:
Being suspected of treason by the Persian king Darius I, he was detained in Susa; eventually allowed to leave
Persia to negotiate an end to the Ionian Revolt; turned to piracy and died in 493.
Hyperbolus, Athenian politician:
Ostracized in ca. 417, the last victim of this procedure, when seeking to secure the banishment of one of his political opponents (Forsdyke [2005, 170â74]).
Isagoras, political leader:
Withdrew (or fled) from Athens in 508/7 after his attempt to establish a narrow oligarchy had been defeated by his opponent, Cleisthenes.
Leotychidas II, Spartan king:
Went into voluntary exile in Tegea in 477 to escape the charge of bribery; remained in Tegea till his death.
Lysias, Athenian orator:
Expelled from Thurii in 412/11 because of his pro-Athenian sentiments; resided in Athens as a metic; arrested by the Thirty Tyrants, but escaped from prison; gave support to the democrats in exile; was rewarded with citizenship on the restoration of democracy in 403, but the grant was revoked as unconstitutional.
Megacles, Athenian politician and nephew of Cleisthenes:
Ostracized in 486.
Miltiades the Younger, Athenian politician and general:
Fled from the Thracian Chersonese to Athens at the end of the Ionian Revolt in 493; elected one of the ten generals for 490/89; tradition held him primarily responsible for the Athenian victory over the Persians at Marathon; fined fifty talents for having failed in an attack on the island of Paros as it supposedly sided with the Persians; died of gangrene in 489 before he could discharge his debt.
Orestes, son of Thessalian king:
Fled to Athens, from which in 454(?) he unsuccessfully attempted to make a comeback (Thuc. 1.111.1).
Pausanias, Spartan regent:
Accused of treason in 471 or 470, fled to a sanctuary of Athena, where he was starved nearly to death; died outside the sanctuary soon afterward.
Pausanias II, Spartan king
: To avoid execution for a military failure, in 395 fled to Tegea, where he died many years later.
Phidias, Athenian sculptor:
Fled from Athens to Olympia in 438 after being accused of embezzlement and impiety; murdered in Olympia according to the tradition preserved by Philochorus (
FGrH
328 F 121), though Plutarch (
Per
. 31.5) reports, less plausibly, that he died in prison.
Philistus, Syracusan historian and politician:
Banished by Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, in 386; lived in Epirus, where he wrote a history of Sicily; recalled to Syracuse twenty years later.
Pisander, Athenian politician:
Fled to Sparta in 411 when the Council of Four Hundred was overthrown.
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens:
Went into self-imposed exile for ten years in Thrace and Eretria after his second failed attempt to establish a tyranny in Athens; eventually returned to Athens in ca. 546 and established a secure tyranny; died in 528/7.
Pleistoanax, Spartan king:
Exiled sometime between 446 and 444 on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Athenians to have him withdraw his army from ravaging Attica during the so-called First Peloponnesian War (Thuc. 1.114.2; 2.21.1); recalled to Sparta in 426; faced ongoing criticism that his recall was responsible for Sparta's reverses (Thuc. 5.16).
Pythagoras, philosopher from Samos:
Allegedly fled from Samos in ca. 531 to escape the tyranny of Polycrates; migrated to Croton, where he founded a sect that bore his name; later fled to Metapontum, where he died.
Pythodorus, Athenian general
: Exiled from Athens in 424 on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Sicilians (Thuc. 4.65.3).
Sophocles, Athenian general
: Exiled from Athens in 424 on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Sicilians (Thuc. 4.65.3).
Themistocles, Athenian politician and general:
Ostracized at the end of the 470s; went to live in Argos, from which he “visited other places in the Peloponnese” (Thuc. 1.135.3; Plu.
Them
. 23â4); fled westward to Corcyra and Epirus and then eastward via Macedonia to Persia, where Artaxerxes I made him governor of Magnesia; recalled to stand trial for treason and condemned to death
in absentia;
remained in Magnesia till his death, when his bones were returned to Athens and secretly buried.
Theognis, elegiac poet from Megara:
Possibly driven into exile, though the evidence for this claim is based on a single problematic passage in his poetry (ll. 1197â1202; see Lane Fox [2000, 44] and Bowie [2007, 42â43]).
Thrasybulus, Athenian general and politician:
Banished by the Thirty Tyrants in 404; fled to Thebes, where he assembled a band of exiles; seized Phyle and later the Piraeus; defeated an army of the Thirty Tyrants; returned to Athens in 403, when an amnesty was proclaimed and the democracy restored.
Thucydides, son of Olorus, Athenian general and historian:
Exiled (or fled) to avoid prosecution in 424 for his failure to save Amphipolis from the Spartan general Brasidas; subsequently associated “especially with the Peloponnesians”; remained in exile for twenty years, returning at the end of the war; died a few years after its end (Thuc. 5.26.5).
Thucydides, son of Melesias, Athenian politician:
Ostracized in 433 or slightly later, as the result of a clash with Pericles (Plu.
Per.
14; see Forsdyke [2005, 168â69]).
Timaeus of Tauromenium, historian:
Exiled by the tyrant Agathocles in 315; went to live in Athens; took revenge on Agathocles after his death by “defaming him for all time”; may have returned to Sicily in ca. 265 (D.S. 21.17.1;
FGrH
566 T 4a).
Timotheus, Athenian general:
Went into voluntary exile in Chalcis in 355 after being heavily fined for his failure to take Chios.
Xanthippus, Athenian politician, father of Pericles:
Ostracized in 484; recalled in 480 when a political amnesty was announced in advance of Xerxes' invasion of Greece.
Xenophanes of Colophon:
Went into voluntary exile probably as a result of the Persian conquest in 545; “wandered” for 67 years (fr. 8
IEG
).
Xenophon, Athenian general:
Exiled from Athens in ca. 394 for having fought against his fellow-citizens as a mercenary at the Battle of Coronea; went to live first in a Spartan settlement near Olympia, then in Corinth; permitted to return to Athens in ca. 368 (
Anab.
5.3.7).
APPENDIX E
CATALOGUE OF THE ENSLAVED
This catalogue includes Greeks who were enslaved by non-Greeks, non-Greeks who enslaved Greeks, and Greeks who enslaved other Greeks. I am much indebted to Pritchett (1991, 226ff.); Rosivach (1999, 131â32); and Hansen and Nielsen (2004, Index 20 [pp. 1363â64]). We know little of enslavement in historical times before Herodotus.
6th century? BCE The inhabitants of Methymna on Lesbos enslaved their fellow islanders inhabiting the
polis
of Arisba (Hdt. 1.151.2).
545? | Mazares the Mede captured Priene and enslaved its inhabitants (Hdt. 1.161). |
ca. 513 | The Persians enslaved the inhabitants of Barce, a |
ca. 511? | The Persian governor of Lemnos enslaved all the islanders (Hdt. 5.27.1â3). |
494 | After the Persians had destroyed Miletus, they sent all their prisoners, mainly women and children, to Susa. King Darius I later permitted them to settle at Ampe on the Persian Gulf (Hdt. 6.18â20). |
493 | Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, enslaved “most of the inhabitants of Zancle,” after previously promising to lend them military assistance (Hdt. 6.23.6). After suppressing the Ionian Revolt, the Persians castrated the most handsome boys and enslaved the most beautiful virgins. Herodotus (6.32) comments: “In this way the Ionians were reduced to slavery for the third time, first by the Lydians, twice by the Persians.” |
490 | The Persians enslaved “those of the Naxians whom they captured.” The remainder “fled to the hills” (Hdt. 6.96). King Darius I enslaved the Eretrians after plundering and setting fire to their temples (Hdt. 6.101.3). |
ca. 485 | When he became tyrant of Syracuse, Gelon “sold the |
480 | Gelon captured, and presumably enslaved, 10,000 Carthaginians before the Battle of Himera (D.S. 11.21.2). After his victory he apportioned “a vast number of prisoners” among his allies. Most were put in chains and used for building public works (11.25.1â2). Of these the majority was apportioned to the Acragantines. |
478 | The Athenians enslaved the inhabitants of Eïon and Scyros (Thuc. 1.98.1â2; cf. Hdt. 7.107.1â2). |
476 | Theron of Acragas either executed or deported and presumably enslaved those who had been plotting against his rule in Himera (D.S. 11.48.6â8). |
470 | The Athenian general Cimon captured 20,000 Persians, whom he presumably enslaved (D.S. 11.62.1). |
468 | The Argives enslaved the Mycenaeans and dedicated a tenth part of them “to the god” (D.S. 11.65.5). |
453 | The Syracusan general Apelles took “a multitude of prisoners” from among the Tyrrhenians living on Corsica and presumably enslaved them (D.S. 11.88.5). |
450 | Cimon captured the crews of 100 Persian ships and presumably sold them into slavery (D.S. 12.3.3). As a result of Pericles' citizenship law, “rather fewer than 5,000” were denounced and sold into slavery (Plu. |
447 | The Athenians enslaved the inhabitants of Chaeronea (Thuc. 1.113.1). |
446 | The Athenians rescued(?) 2,000 prisoners in their war against Megara ( |
440 | The Syracusans enslaved the inhabitants of Trinacie, a Sicel town of uncertain location (D.S. 12.29.4). |
435 | The Corcyraeans enslaved “the |
433 | The Corinthians enslaved 800 Corcyraeans (Thuc. 1.55). |
430 | The Athenians enslaved the Ambraciots (Thuc. 2.68.7). |
427 | The Spartans enslaved the women of Plataea (Thuc. 3.68.2). |
425 | The Corcyraeans enslaved the female relatives of the oligarchic insurgents whom they had massacred (Thuc. 4.48.4). |
424 | The Athenian general Nicias enslaved the inhabitants of Thyrea in Laconia (D.S. 12.65.9). |
422 | The Athenians enslaved the women and children of Torone (Thuc. 5.3.4). The oligarchs of Leontini deported the |
421 | The Athenians enslaved the women and children of Scione (Thuc. 5.32.1). The Campanians enslaved the inhabitants of Cyme, a |
416/5 | The Athenians enslaved the women and children of Melos (Thuc. 5.116.4). |
415 | The Athenians enslaved the inhabitants of Hyccara, a |
413 | The Syracusans enslaved the allied soldiers who had fought against them, except for the Athenians and the Sicilian Greeks (Thuc. 7.87.3). The total amounted to several thousand. |
412 | The Spartans appropriated slaves belonging to the inhabitants of Meropid Cos (Thuc. 8.41.2). After sacking Iasus the Peloponnesians sold its inhabitants, both free and servile, to the Persians for the price of one |
411 | The Athenians appropriated slaves belonging to the Lampsacenes (Thuc. 8.62.2). |
409 | The Carthaginian general Hannibal “distributed among his army” (that is, as slaves) the women and children of Himera (D.S. 13.62.4). The Athenians seized slaves belonging to the Lydians (Xen. |
406 | The Spartan navarch Callicratidas sold into slavery the Athenian garrison serving at Methymna on the island of Lesbos. He also auctioned off the slaves whom he captured. However, he resisted appeals from his allies to enslave the inhabitants of the city (Xen. |
405 | The Spartan navarch Lysander enslaved the inhabitants of Cedreiae in Caria (Xen. |
404 | The Campanians “married” the wives of the inhabitants of Entella, a |
400 | Aristarchus, the Spartan governor of Byzantium, sold 400 of the 10,000 mercenaries who had served in Cyrus the Younger's army because they refused to vacate the city. Cleander, the previous governor, had been looking after the sick and compelling the Byzantines to give them shelter in their homesâseemingly a rare instance of humanitarianism (Xen. |
399 | Seuthes and Xenophon captured 1,000 Thracians, whom they sold (Xen. |
398 | The Spartan king Agis appropriated “a vast number of slaves”from Elis (Xen. |
397 | The Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I sold as booty the inhabitants of Motya, a stronghold of the Carthaginians (D.S. 14.53.4). |
395 | Medius, the ruler of Larissa, sold as booty the inhabitants of Pharsalus (D.S. 14.82.6). The Spartan king Agesilaus displayed for sale naked non-Greek prisoners, whom his army had captured in raiding parties (Xen. |
390 | Agesilaus “displayed for purchase” the prisoners he had taken from Piraeum, a peninsula close to the Isthmus of Corinth (Xen. |
389 | Agesilaus appropriated “a great many slaves” from the Acarnanians and sold them (Xen. |
387 | Dionysius I of Syracuse sold into slavery all of his prisoners from Rhegium who could not pay him one mina as their ransom. They numbered more than 6,000 (D.S. 14.111.4). |
384 | Dionysius I captured and presumably sold as booty the inhabitants of Agylla (D.S. 15.14.4). |
374 | The Persians captured and presumably enslaved some Egyptians (D.S. 15.42.5). |
373 | The Spartan navarch Hypermenes appropriated slaves belonging to the Corcyraeans and “sent them off,” presumably for sale (Xen. |
369 | The Arcadians enslaved the inhabitants of Pellene (D.S. 15.67.2). |
365 | After taking 200 prisoners, the Eleans sold into slavery all those who were |
364 | The Thebans sold into slavery the women and children of Orchomenus (D.S. 15.79.6). |
ca. 364? | Philip II of Macedon “enslaved very many cities” (Theopompus, |
358/7 | Philip II sold the inhabitants of Potidaea into slavery (D.S.16.8.5). |
ca. 358/7? | Philip II sold the inhabitants of Stagira into slavery, though he later refounded the |
356/5 | The mercenary general Nypsius enslaved many Syracusan women and children and appropriated those already enslaved (D.S. 16.19.4). |
353/2 | The Phocian general Onomarchus enslaved the inhabitants of Thronion, a town of unknown location in Epirus (D.S. 16.33.3). The Athenian general Chares slew the men of military age in Sestus and enslaved the rest (D.S. 16.34.3). |
348 | Philip II enslaved the inhabitants of Olynthus and sold them as booty (D.S. 16.53.2â3). |
346/5 | After defeating a band of Elean exiles, the Arcadians and Eleians divided up their captives. This included 4,000 mercenaries, who had been assisting the Elean exiles. The Arcadians sold their share of the captives into slavery, whereas the Eleians, incensed because the mercenaries had plundered the sanctuary at Delphi, executed theirs (D.S. 16.63.5). |
344 | Philip II captured and enslaved 10,000 Sarnousians, a people living inside the Persian Empire, and deported them to Macedonia (Polyaenus 4.2.12). |
340/39 | The Corinthian general Timoleon captured “no fewer than 15,000” Carthaginians and presumably enslaved them (D.S. 16.80.5). |
335 | The Macedonian general Parmenion sold as booty the inhabitants of Grynium, a Alexander the Great sold 30,000 Thebans into slavery for the sum of 440 talents. The only Thebans whom he excluded from this punishment were the priests, the |
334 | At the battle of the River Granicus, Alexander captured 20,000 Persians, whom he presumably sold as slaves (D.S. 17.21.6). He enchained the Greek mercenaries who had fought in the |
332 | Alexander enslaved the women and children of the Phoenician city of Tyre (D.S. 17.46.4). |
330 | Alexander enslaved the women of Persepolis (D.S. 17.70.6). |