Wandering Greeks (40 page)

403

With the restoration of democracy Athenian deportees and refugees who had been living in the Piraeus staged a triumphal return to Athens. Those who had been sympathetic to the Thirty Tyrants and feared for their lives were permitted to relocate in Eleusis, which now became a semi-independent polity (Xen.
Hell
. 2.4.38–9; see
chapter 5
).

401/400

The Spartan king Agis deported “a vast number of slaves” from Elis (Xen.
Hell
. 3.2.26). Dionysius I of Syracuse enslaved the
dêmoi
of both Catania and Naxos (D.S. 14.15.1–2). The Spartans expelled the Messenians from Cephallenia and Naupactus “because of their longstanding enmity toward the Spartans.” The Messenians “departed from mainland Greece with their arms.” Some sailed to Sicily and served as mercenaries under Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse; the rest, about
3,000 in all, sailed to Cyrene, where they joined forces with exiles who were seeking to recover the city. In the ensuing conflict, however, almost all the Messenians were slain (D.S.14.34.2–5).

399

Following an outbreak of
stasis
the Spartans expelled the Oetaeans from Heraclea Trachinia, a
polis
in Thessaly they had founded in 426. The majority fled to Thessaly, but after five years they were restored by the Boeotians (D.S. 14.38.4–5; see Gehrke 1985, 73; Malkin 1994, 221–27; Hansen and Nielsen 2004, 711).

395

The Boeotians and Argives seized Heraclea Trachinia. They slew the Spartan garrison but allowed the other Peloponnesians to depart with their possessions. They then recalled the Trachinians whom the Spartans had expelled and permitted them to reside in the city (D.S. 14.82.6–7).

392

Dionysius I of Syracuse deported most of the Sicels from Tauro-menium, a
polis
on the east coast of Sicily (D.S. 14.96.4). We do not know where they subsequently settled.

385/4

After being defeated by a Spartanled coalition, the inhabitants of Mantinea were forced to raze their city to the ground and return to their original four villages (D.S. 15.12.2; Xen.
Hell
. 5.2.7; see
chapter 4
).

ca. 385

The inhabitants of Thasos were exiled from their island on the orders of Sparta.

382–79

The
dêmos
of Phlius expelled its oligarchic population. Fearing reprisals from Sparta, it later invited the oligarchs to return and reclaim their property. However, the democrats reneged on the deal, so the oligarchs went into exile a second time. The latter appealed to the Spartans, who successfully besieged the city and restored them to power. An unknown number of democrats were condemned to death (Xen.
Hell
. 5.2.9; 5.3.10. 5.3.25; see
chapter 11
).

ca. 373

The Thebans made a surprise attack on the Plataeans, destroyed their town for the second time, and annexed their territory. As in 427, the surviving Plataeans sought refuge in Athens. The Thespians, who had also been expelled, begged the Athenians not to leave them “without a city” (Xen.
Hell
. 6.3.1).

ca. 370

At the foundation of the Arcadian League “800 Tegeans fled to Sparta” according to Xenophon (
Hell
. 6.5.10), whereas Diodorus Siculus claims that “1,400 fled, some to Sparta, others to Pallantium” (15.59.2). Those who fled to Pallantium were slaughtered, whereas those who fled to Sparta prevailed upon the Spartans to invade Tegea. The exiled Tegeans participated in the invasion and were probably restored as a result.

365?

The Athenian general Timotheus, while assisting the Persian satrap Ariobarzanes, successfully besieged Samos in order to strengthen Athenian control of the Aegean. The Athenians deported the Samians and established a cleruchy on the island. According to the fourth-century historian Heraclides Ponticus, quoted by Aristotle (fr. 611.35 Rose), the Athenians “exiled everyone.” Shipley (1987, 164) states, “The exodus in 365 no doubt ran into many hundreds, possibly thousands.” Most of the refugees settled in Ionia, Aeolis, and Caria. See Habicht (1957, 152–237) for a collection of Samian inscriptions thanking the “benefactors of Samos” for their support in their years of wandering. The Samians were still in exile 43 years later in 324, when Alexander promulgated the so-called Exiles' Decree (D.S. 18.8.7; see
chapter 11
).

363/2

The Athenians decreed that the rebellious Iulietae of Ceos “are to be banished from Ceos and Athens and their possessions are to belong to the
dêmos
of the Iulietae” (
IG
II
²
111.41–2 =
SIG
³
173 = Harding 55 = Rhodes and Osborne 39). The details are not fully understood, but it may be that rebels from Iulis had sided with the Thebans in their attempt to supplant Athens's mastery of the sea (D.S. 15.78.4–79.1).

358–47

After Philip II of Macedon had successfully besieged Potidaea, he “humanely” sent the Athenian garrison back to Athens, sold the citizens into slavery, and handed the city “with all its buildings” over to the Olynthians (D.S. 16.8.5). No numbers are given. The Athenian general Chares, having captured Sestos, slew all the adult males and enslaved the remainder of the population (D.S. 16.34.3). No numbers are given.

357

Philip II captured Amphipolis and “
ephugadeuse
[exiled] those who were unfavorably disposed toward him” (D.S. 16.8.2). A decree of the
dêmos
of Amphipolis that exiled leading opponents of Philip may either predate or postdate his capture of the city (Tod 150 = Harding 63 = Rhodes and Osborne 49).

354

After successfully besieging Methone, a
polis
in Macedonia, Philip II permitted its citizens to depart “with one cloak each.”No numbers are given, and the fate of the refugees is unknown. Philip then razed the city to the ground and divided up its territory among the Macedonians (Dem. 4.4; D.S. 16.31.6 and 34.4–5).

352

The Phocian general Phaüllus razed to the ground Naryka, a
polis
in East Locris (D.S. 16.38.5). No numbers are given, and the fate of its inhabitants is unknown.

339/8

Timoleon “slaughtered” the Campanians living in Aetna (D.S.16.82.4) and deported the Syracusans from Leontini (D.S.16.82.7).

338

After Philip II had exiled the Troezenians, the latter appealed to the Athenians, who granted them citizenship and other privileges. They did so in recognition of the fact that the Troezenians had provided refuge for their women and children before the Battle of Salamis 150 years prior (Hyp.
Ath
. 31–33). No numbers are given.

336/5

Shortly after coming to power Alexander the Great put down a revolt in Thebes. He then ordered the massacre of over 6,000 Thebans. The rest—some 30,000 in all—were sold into slavery “with the exception of the priests, the guest-friends of the Macedonians, the descendants of Pindar, and those who had opposed the vote for revolt” (Plu.
Alex
. 11.6). A decree passed by the so-called League of Corinth included the provision that “Theban
phugades
should be deported from the whole of Greece and no Greek should offer refuge to a Theban” (D.S. 17.14.3). The oligarchs in Ephesus expelled the democrats for supporting Alexander the Great. When the king arrived in Ephesus in
334, he recalled the exiles, overthrew the oligarchs, and set up a democracy. Rarely, according to Arrian, did he gain a higher reputation than in consequence of his treatment of the Ephesians (
Anab
. 1.17.10–12).

335?

Certain Chians, who were hostile to the Macedonians, betrayed their city to the Persians and deported their opponents (Arr.
Anab
. 2.1.1). Alexander recovered the island the following year and in an edict probably dated 334 declared that “All the exiles from Chios shall return and the constitution in Chios be democratic” (
SIG
³
283 = Tod 192 = Rhodes and Osborne 84).