The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (95 page)

In the US Command, Korea, former commanders in chief Generals John Wickham, Robert Sennewald, Robert RisCassi, Gary Luck, and current CINC General John Tilelli; Lieutenant General Howell Estes; retired lieutenant generals James Hollingsworth and John Cushman; special assistant to the USFK commander Stephen Bradner; USFK historian Major Thomas Ryan; former US representative to the Military Armistice Commission (MAC) Jimmy Lee; former MAC secretary Colonel Forrest Chilton; and public information officer Jim Coles and his predecessor Billy Fullerton.

Among Korea experts in the United States, Peter Hayes of the Nautilus Institute; nuclear weapons expert Bill Arkin; Bruce Cumings of Northwestern University; Joseph Ha of Lewis and Clark College; Dae-Sook Suh of the University of Hawaii; Charles Armstrong, then of Princeton University; Han S. Park of the University of Georgia; Edward Olsen of the Naval Postgraduate School; Manwoo Lee of Millersville University; and Sanghyun Yoon of George Washington University.

Also Larry Niksch and Rinn Sup Shinn of the Congressional Research Service; Tony Namkung of the Atlantic Council; Selig Harrison and Leonard Spector of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Ralph Clough of SAIS; Daryl Plunk of the Heritage Foundation; Michael O’Hanlon of the Brookings Institution; Scott Snyder of the US Institute of Peace; William Taylor of the Center for Strategic and International Studies; Chen You Wei; Norm Levin and Kongdan (Katy) Oh of the Rand Corporation; David Albright; and Steve Linton and Robert Manning of the Progressive Policy Institute.

Also,
New York Times
correspondent Michael Gordon and managing editor Josette Shiner of the
Washington Times
.

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President Kim Young Sam and former presidents Choi Kyu Ha and Roh Tae Woo; Blue House national security advisers Chung Jung Uk and Ban Ki Mun; former presidential press secretaries Kim Seong Jin and Kim Sung Ik; former Blue House economic advisers Oh Won Choi, Kim Ki Whan, and Kim Jong In; and former spokesman Kim Hak Joon.

Former prime ministers Lho Shin Yang, Roh Jae Bong, and Lee Hong Koo; Deputy Prime Minister Kwon O-Kie; and former deputy prime ministers Choi Yong Choi and Han Wan Sang.

Former ministers of foreign affairs Choi Kwang Su, Choi Ho Joong, Lee Sang Ok, Han Sung Joo, Gong Ro Myung; Foreign Minister Yoo Chong Ha; former deputy
foreign minister Park Soo Kil; former minister of home affairs Chung Ho Young; former minister of culture and information Lee Kyu Hyun; former minister of science and technology Kim Jin Hyon; and former chief of protocol Lee Byung Gi.

Former ROK ambassadors to the United States Kim Kyong Won, Hyun Hong Choo, and Han Seung Soo and the current ambassador, Park Kun Woo; ROK ambassador to the United Nations (and currently foreign minister) Yoo Chong Ha; ROK ambassadors to China Roh Jae Won and Whang Byong Tae; unofficial negotiator with China Lee Soon Sok; and ROK ambassador to Russia Kim Suk Kyu.

Former minister of defense Choo Yong Bok; Lieutenant General Park Young Ok, assistant minister of defense; retired general Kim Choi Chang; and Han Yong Sup of the National Defense University.

Former directors of the Agency for National Security Planning Suh Dong Kwon and Kim Deok; deputy NSP director Rhee Byong Ho and former deputy director Sohn Jang Nae; former NSP special assistant (now National Assembly member) Lee Dong Bok; and former KCIA officials Kang In Duk and Chung Hong Jin.

Former North-South negotiator Lim Dong Won; former delegate to the North-South talks Chung Hee Kyung and former North-South spokesman Chung Choo Hyun; Kim Dal Sul, of the North-South dialogue office; Kil Jeong Woo and Ahn Inhay of the Research Institute on National Reunification; Yu Suk Ryul and Kim Choong Nam of the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security; and former vice minister of unification Song Yong Dae.

Chung Ju Yung, founder and honorary chairman of the Hyundai group, and Kim Woo Choong, founder and chairman of the Daewoo group.

Kim Dae Jung, opposition political leader; members of the National Assembly Chung Jey Moon, Hur Hwa Pyung, Kang Sin Ok, Kim Yoon Hwan, Lee Boo Young, Park Kye Dong, and Park Se Jik

North Korean defectors Koh Young Hwan, Kim Hyun Hui, Kang Myung Do, and Colonel Choi Ju Hwal.

Ahn Byung Joon of Yonsei University and Rhee Sang Woo of Sogang University.

Kim Jin, reporter of
Joong-ang Ilbo
, Kim Yong Sam of
Monthly Chosun
, and Songhee Stella Kim of
Time
.

I also wish to thank Russian diplomats in Seoul, Ambassador Georgi Kunaidze and Minister Georgi Toloraya; Siegfried Scheibe, former East German economic minister in the DPRK, now in the German Chamber of Commerce, Seoul; and David Steinberg, the representative in Seoul of the Asia Foundation.

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I met Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Kim Yong Nam, Workers Party secretary Kim Yong Sun, Vice Minister of External Economic Affairs Kim Jong U, and other officials during my January 1995 trip. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Institute of Disarmament and Peace, Pyongyang, which made the arrangements and was the host of this visit.

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Wu Dawei, deputy director of Asian Affairs; Li Bing of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and former Foreign Ministry official Li Xiang Wei.

Tao Bing Wei, a leading Chinese expert on Korea, now a senior fellow at the China Institute of International Studies; Pu Shan of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Jin Zhen Ji of the Institute of Contemporary International Relations; Xu Man Zhang,
former Chinese military attaché; and Colonel Shi Jin Kun of the Institute of International Strategic Studies.

At the Russian Embassy, Beijing, Ambassador Igor Rogachev and Minister Sergei Goncharov

Mike Chinoy, CNN correspondent, Beijing.

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USSIA

Former president Mikhail Gorbachev; former national security adviser Anatoly Chernyayev; former foreign minister Alexander Bessmertnykh; former ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin; Sergei Tarasenko, former Foreign Ministry official; Vadim Tkachenko, former director of Korean affairs of the Central Committee of the CPSU; Igor Rakhmanin, former Asian affairs director of the Central Committee of the CPSU; and Gorbachev aides Karen Brutents, Georgi Ostraumov, and Pavel Palazchenko.

Yevgeni Primakov, then chief of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Agency, now foreign minister; Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Panov; and Yevgeni Afanasyev, Valery Denisov, and Vladimir Rakhmanin of the Russian Foreign Ministry.

Mikhail Titerenko, director of the Institute of Far Eastern Studies, and Roald Seleviev of the institute.

Vitaly Ignatenko, general director of ITAR-Tass news agency; Tass correspondent Vladimir Nadashkevich; journalists Yuri Sigov and Alexander Blatkovsky.

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APAN

Kawashima Yutaka, director general of Asian Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Okazaki Hisahiko, former Foreign Ministry official; Ambassador Endo Tetsuya, negotiator with North Korea; and Takeuchi Yukio, deputy chief of mission, Washington.

Takemura Masayoshi, member of Japanese Diet.

Okonogi Masao of Keio University and Major General Tsukamoto Katsuichi of the Research Institute for Peace and Security.

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Director General Hans Blix of the International Atomic Energy Agency; Dmitri Perricos, director of East Asian safeguards operations; Olli Heinonen, chief inspector for North Korea; and Willy Theis, former chief inspector for North Korea.

John Ritch, US ambassador to international organizations; and Mike Lawrence and Marvin Peterson, US mission officials.

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Hans Maretzki, former ambassador of the GDR to North Korea; Gunter Unterbeck, former GDR diplomat; and Ann-Katrin Becker, former correspondent of the GDR news agency in Beijing.

I also am grateful to several people whose insights were important but who asked that their names not be used, even in acknowledgment, and quite a few people who took the trouble to read and correct major chunks of the manuscript. You know who you are, and you have my thanks.

Finally, I would like to thank those whose work was essential to the writing and editing of this book: Tong Kim, for translations from Korean; Mary Drake, for transcription of interviews; Zhaojin Ji, the secretary of the SAIS Asia program; Joy Harris, my
literary agent; Bill Patrick, formerly of Addison-Wesley, who saw the merit in the book, and his colleague Sharon Broil, a wonderful editor who found ways to make it better; and my wife, Laura, my own best editor and inspiration.

R
OBERT
C
ARLIN

There are countless reasons to thank people for their help in the writing of a book. I am grateful to those mentioned below for their support in all forms, their insights, and their encouragement. In some cases, where it would be impolitic to name individuals, I hope my gratitude is clear.

Dr. Gregory Albers, Bradley Babson, Jeffrey Bader, Jeffrey Baron, Stephen Bosworth, Robert Boynton, Hyesuk Brown, Kurt Campbell, Major General Edward C. Cardon, Frederick Carriere, Victor Cha, Mike Chinoy, Sang-hun Choe, Sherrie Chung, Peter Davis, Dr. Kenneth Dekleva, John Delury, Joseph DeTrani, Edward Dong, Thomas Fingar, Michael Finnegan, Carl Ford, Robert Gallucci, Christopher Green, Michael Green, Donald Gregg, Siegfried Hecker, Olli Heinonen, Christopher Hill, James Hoare, Allison Hooker, Thomas Hubbard, Eric John, Charles Kartman, Glenn Kessler, James Kelly, Duyeon Kim, Ambassador Sung Kim, Yuri Kim, Eric Latzky, Jean Lee, Ambassador Miklos Lengyel, John W. Lewis, Ambassador Eamonn McKee, Zarin Mehta, Niko Milonopoulos, James Person, John Podesta, Evan Ramstad, Samantha Ravich, Evans Revere, Daniel Russel, Gary Samore, Michael Schiffer, Gi-wook Shin, Leon Sigal, Kathleen Stephens, David Straub, Robert Suettinger, Sidney Syler, Jenny Town, Ezra Vogel, Lawrence Wilkerson, Jay Yim, Katharina Zellweger.

Choi Jinwook, Choi Young-jin, Chung Chong-Wook, Chun Yung-woo, Dong Yongsueng, Han Sung-Joo, Hong Yang-ho, Hyun In-Taek, Im Tae Hee, Colonel (Retired) Jang Sam Yeol, Kim Hyunjin, Kim Sook, Kim Tae-hyo, Kim Young-mok, Kim Young-sik, Lee Hawon, Lim Dong-won, Lim Sungnam, Min Ji Kwon, Moon Chung-in, Moon Jae-in, General Moon Sung-mok, Park Jeong Eun, Rhee Bong-jo, Ryoo Kihl-jae, Shin Eun-seo, Song Min Soon, Suh Hoon, Wang Son-taek, Yang Chang Seok, Yoon Young-kwan, Yoo Sun, Yu Myong Hwan, Yun Byung-Se.

Izumi Hajime, Sakamoto Takashi, Ambassador, Sasae Kenichiro, Tanaka Hitoshi.

NOTES AND SOURCES

According to an entry in the spiral-bound notebooks I kept as a journal, I first began thinking about a book on Korea in 1988, about the same time I began work on
The Turn
, my history of US-Soviet relations at the end of the Cold War. I realized even in that early note that this book would have to be a postretirement project, as it would take much time and travel that would be incompatible with full-time work for the
Washington Post
. Although there were a few interviews earlier, work began seriously after my retirement in May 1993. Over the next four years, I conducted more than 450 interviews in a variety of countries, consulted books and archives, and obtained new information under the Freedom of Information Act. With a few confidential exceptions, the principal interviewees and sources of materials are mentioned in the Acknowledgments.

As in my earlier books, I am providing here information on the sources for
The Two Koreas
, except for those that were confidential or are well known to people in the field. In order to facilitate scholarly research, I deposited within the first half of 1998 copies of US documents used in this book that were obtained under the Freedom of Information Act in the National Security Archive, an independent nongovernmental research institute in Washington, where they will be available to any researcher.

The following abbreviations are used in the notes:

CWIHP
—
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
(Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars)

DOS cable:
Cable from the Department of State in Washington to the US Embassy in Seoul; date and subject are given if available

Emb. cable:
Cable to the Department of State in Washington from the US embassy in Seoul; date and subject are given if available

FBIS:
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, published by the US government

KH: Korea Herald
, an English-language newspaper in Seoul

KIS Works: Kim Il Sung Works
(Foreign Languages Publishing House), in English

KT: Korea Times
, an English-language newspaper in Seoul

NYT: New York Times

SED Archives:
Archives of the Socialist (Communist) Unity Party of the former East Germany, obtained in Berlin (in German)

USFK Hist: US Forces Korea /Eighth US Army Annual Historical Reports
, the intelligence sections of which were declassified for me under the Freedom of Information Act; the year of the report quoted is given

US-PRC Chronology:
Richard H. Solomon,
US-PRC Political Negotiations, 1967–1984: An Annotated Chronology
(Rand, 1985), Secret (declassified 1994)