The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (99 page)

For the Deng-Weinberger talks,
US-PRC Chronology
, 110. For Deng’s reaction to the Rangoon bombing, Ralph Clough,
Embattled Korea
(Westview, 1987), 269. For Deng’s reaction to the bombing, see Jonathan D. Pollack,
No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons, and International Security
(Routledge, 2011), 90.

For the early history of the three-way talks proposal, see Kim Hak Joon,
Unification Policies of North and South Korea, 1945–1991
(Seoul National University Press, 1992), esp. 380–385. On the continued promotion of the three-way plan, William Gleysteen interview, September 13, 1995. On US backing for three-way talks, Don Oberdorfer, “North Korea Says U.S. Proposals Merit Discussion,”
WP
, October 8, 1984. Wolfowitz on “boilerplate,” Wolfowitz interview, July 19, 1994. Ho Dam’s comments were in his report to the opening session of the Supreme People’s Assembly on January 25, 1985. Kim Il Sung on “exposing” the United States, transcript of conversation between Kim Il Sung and Erich Honecker, May 30, 1984,
SED Archives
.

Floods and Face-to-Face Talks
:
Haberman dispatch, “North Korea Delivers Flood Aid Supplies to South,”
NYT
, September 30, 1984. On Liem’s trip, Yang Chin Young, “Kim Il Sung Whom I Met,”
Joong-ang Monthly
(April 1989), in Korean; also Sohn Jang Nae interview, April 29, 1994. On contention in Pyongyang, see “Kim Endorses Dialogue Amid Signs of Contention on Issue,”
FBIS Trends
(CIA, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, January 3, 1985), Confidential (declassified 1995). For details of the Ho Dam-Chang Se Dong trips, see Park Bo Kyon, “Chang Se Dong-Ho Dam, Each Visited Pyongyang-Seoul,”
Joong-ang Ilbo
, January 7, 1994, and following days, in Korean. A transcript of the talks in the South was published as “Secret Talks Between Chun Doo Hwan and Ho Dam,”
Monthly Chosun
(November 1996), in Korean.

On Chun shutting down the nuclear weapons program, Kim Jin Hyun (former ROK minister of science and technology), interview, July 23, 1993. Sohn quote on talks, Sohn interview, April 29, 1994. US intelligence official on talks, interview, May 14, 1994. Kim Il Sung on “great losses” from Team Spirit, stenographic transcript of “Official Friendship Visit of North Korean Party and State Delegation to the GDR,” May 30, 1984,
SED Archives
.

Kim Il Sung and the Soviet Connection
:
For Stalin’s role in the armistice, Kathryn Weathersby, “Stalin and a Negotiated Settlement in Korea, 1950–53,” paper prepared for the conference “New Evidence on the Cold War in Asia,” Hong Kong, January 1996. For Kim’s situation in the Sino-Soviet split, see Dae-Sook Suh,
Kim Il Sung
(Columbia University Press, 1988), 176–210. Tkachenko quote, Tkachenko interviews, October 24, 1993, and April 12, 1994.

For Central Committee quote on DPRK, Eugene Bazhanov, “Soviet Policy Toward North Korea,”
Russia and Korea Toward the 21st Century
(Sejong Institute, 1992), 65. Hu Yaobang to Reagan,
US-PRC Chronology
, 111. Rakhmanin on Kim in Moscow, Rakhmanin interview, April 8, 1994. Gorbachev on Kim’s “socialist monarchy,”
Erinnerungen
[Memories] (Siedler Verlag, 1995), the German-language version of his memoirs.

Kim’s comments in Moscow 1984, “On the Visit of North Korea’s Party and State Delegation Led by Kim Il Sung to the USSR,” May 29, 1984,
SED Archives
, in German and Russian. Kim’s worry about China, from transcript of “Official Friendship Visit of North Korean Party and State Delegation to the GDR,” March 31, 1984, in German. Soviet official’s quote from “On the Visit of North Korea’s Party and State Delegation.” Soviet agreement to build light-water reactors is in Pollack,
No Exit
, 94, citing Georgiy Kaurov in
The North Korean Nuclear Program
, edited by Clay Moltz and Alexandre Mansurov, 18–19. The North Koreans had been badgering the Soviets to supply them with a nuclear power plant since at least 1967. See
CWIHP
, Working Paper 53, 42.

The USSR-DPRK economic data are from an excellent analysis by Nicholas Eberstadt, Marc Rubin, and Albina Tretyakova, “The Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade
with the DPRK, 1989–1993,”
Korean journal of’ National Unification
4 (1995). Details of Soviet military aid agreements in 1984 and 1986 from Joseph M. Ha, Ha interview, February 21, 1995. Record of overflights,
USFK Hist. 1985
, 25, Secret (declassified 1995). Satellite avoidance,
USFK Hist
, with chapter headings on SATRAN, esp. 1979 report, 51.

For the protests by North Korea in Moscow, see the outstanding scholarship of Eugene Bazhanov and his wife, Natalia Bazhanova (a Russian expert on Korean affairs who had access to Central Committee archives), esp. her chapter, “North Korea and Seoul-Moscow Relations,” in
Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century
(Sejong Institute, 1992). The Georgi Kim quote is from Eugene Bazhanov, “Soviet Policy Towards South Korea Under Gorbachev,”
Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century
, 65. On Kim Il Sung on flying, Vadim Tkachenko interview, October 24, 1993. For Kim’s quote and attitude in Gorbachev meetings, Vadim Medvedev,
Collapse
(International Relations, 1994), in Russian. For the May 1986 Politburo document, Bazhanov, “Soviet Policy,” 95. For Gorbachev’s surprising declaration, Tkachenko interview, October 24, 1993.

For the Gorbachev quote on the situation in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev interview, April 13, 1994. On North Korea as a privileged ally, Gorbachev,
Erinnerungen
. USSR weapons promises, Ha interview, February 15, 1995. For aid levels, see Han Yong Sup, “China’s Security Cooperation with North Korea: Retrospects and Prospects,” paper prepared for conference “Sino-Korean Relations and Their Policy Implications,” American Enterprise Institute and George Washington University, December 2–3, 1993, and additional details provided to me by Han. On Kim’s view of Gorbachev as a revisionist, Koh Young Whan interview, October 25, 1993.

C
HAPTER
7: T
HE
B
ATTLE
FOR
D
EMOCRACY IN
S
EOUL

For excellent descriptions of the 1987 events, see Manwoo Lee,
The Odyssey of Korean Democracy
(Praeger, 1990); and Sang Joon Kim, “Characteristic Features of Korean Democratization,”
Asian Perspective
(Fall-Winter 1994).

Chun’s Succession Struggle
:
Chun to Walker, Walker interview, February 18, 1995. Lee Soon Ja views, from my journal, February 1981, based on a conversation with the first lady while sitting next to her at the luncheon for Chun at the National Press Club. Regarding the Ilhae Foundation, see Don Oberdorfer, “Korean Conundrum,”
WP
, May 25, 1986. On the forced contributions, see Donald Kirk,
Korean Dynasty
(M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 273. The Shultz quote is from his memoir,
Turmoil and Triumph
(Scribner’s, 1993), 977–998. Shultz’s concerns were expressed to me in an interview, March 16, 1995.

Chun pledge to Reagan, “Presidential Visit Meetings in Seoul,” Memorandum from Assistant Secretary of State Paul Wolfowitz to Secretary Shultz, November 19, 1983, Secret/Nodis (declassified 1995). Chun quote to Blue House reporters,
KH
, January 9, 1988. For the Seoul National University poll, Se Hee Yoo, “The International Context of U.S.-Korean Relations: Special Focus on the ‘Critical Views of the United States’ in Korea Since 1980,” in
United States-Korea Relations
(Institute of East Asian Studies, 1986).

Shultz on Sigur speech, Gaston Sigur interview, September 16, 1993. On dominance of Korea story in the American press, Don Oberdorfer, “U.S. Policy Toward Korea in the 1987 Crisis Compared with Other Allies,” in
Korea-US. Relations
(Institute of East Asian Studies, 1988). US warning to Pyongyang, Michael Armacost telephone interview, August 9, 1993. Pyongyang reaction, “Pyongyang Maintains Cautious Posture Toward Situation in South,”
FBIS Analysis Note
(CIA, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, June 29, 1984).

Reagan’s letter to Chun, dated June 17, 1989, in author’s possession. Dunlop on “stonewalling,” Dunlop inter view, January 12, 1994. Riot details are from John Burgess, “Seoul Says Crackdown ‘Inevitable,’”
WP
, June 19, 1987. On June 19 meeting and Chun’s previous statements to aides, Kim Sung Ik,
Voice Testimony of Chun Doo Hwan
(
Chosun Ilbo
, 1992), in Korean. Lilley’s presentation to Chun, Lilley interviews, June 8, 1993, and February 17, 1997. Chun on suspending the mobilization order, Kim Sung Ik,
Voice Testimony
. Chung Ho Yong on the military views, Chung interview, April 20, 1994.

Roh Tae Woo’s recollection, Roh interview, October 21, 1993. Chun quote to Sigur, Sigur interview, September 16, 1993. Roh’s near apology for Kwangju, Hyun Hong Choo interview, October 17, 1995. Chun camp’s version of June 29 origins: “The Truth of the 6/29 Declaration,”
Monthly Chosun
(January 1992), in Korean. Lee Soon Ja’s declaration, “Wife Says Chun Is Real Architect of the June 29, 1987, Declaration,”
KT
, December 19, 1996.

The Election of 1987
:
Chun’s doubts about Roh, Kim Yoon Hwan interview, October 18, 1993. Kim Young Sam’s age has been a source of consistent confusion. He told Blue House reporters his birth date was misregistered at his birthplace and was actually December 4 (on the lunar calendar), 1927. “Kim’s Birthday,”
KT
, January 24, 1996.

Kim Young Sam’s mother’s death, Kim interview, April 14, 1995. Cholla’s disadvantages, Manwoo Lee,
The Odyssey of Korean Democracy
(Praeger, 1990), 49–51. Lee quote on electoral territoriality from Lee,
Odyssey
, 47.

C
HAPTER
8: T
HE
G
REAT
O
LYMPIC
C
OMING
-O
UT
P
ARTY

The Coming of the Olympics
:
On Park Chung Hee’s instructions, Park Seh Jik,
The Seoul Olympics
(Bellew, 1991), 5. On Korea’s and Chung Ju Yung’s efforts, Mark Clifford,
Troubled Tiger
(M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 289. For a full account of Chung’s remarkable career, see Donald
Kick, Korean Dynasty
(M. E. Sharpe, 1994).
Rodong Sinmun
quote, Park,
Seoul Olympics
, 8. Hwang Jang Yop on political significance, his letter to Hermann Axen (secretary of SED Central Committee), June 19, 1985,
SED Archives
, in German. Shevardnadze quote from “About the Visits of Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze to North Korea and the Mongolian People’s Republic,” January 28, 1986,
SED Archives
, Confidential, in Russian and German. Maretzki quotes from his cable to Berlin, May 11, 1987,
SED Archives
. North Korea “cornered” quote from Parks,
Seoul Olympics
, 20.

The Bombing of KAL Flight 858
:
My account is based on Kim Hyun Hui interview, October 25, 1993; her memoir,
The Tears of My Soul
(William Morrow, 1993); a chapter in Eileen MacDonald’s
Shoot the Women First
(Random House, 1993); and
Investigation Findings: Explosion of Korean Air Flight 858
(KOIS, January 1988). Kim’s “military order” quote, Kim interview, October 25, 1993.The Shevardnadze quote is from Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph
, 981.

The Rise of Nordpolitik
:
For Roh’s interview, Don Oberdorfer and Fred Hiatt, “S. Korean President Urges End to Isolation of North,”
WP
, July 2, 1988. On the early
Nordpolitik
policy making, see Park Chul Un, “Northern Policy Makes Progress Toward Unification,”
KH
, March 13, 1991. Kim’s July 1988 reaction, “Visit of an Official Military Delegation of the GDR to North Korea, Between July 19 and 13, 1988,”
SED Archives
.

Kim Woo Choong in Hungary, from an unpublished manuscript furnished me by Daewoo in December 1994, “The Civilian Ambassador Kim Woo Choong”; Chong Bong Uk, “Ties with Budapest Result from Spadework,”
KH
, January 29, 1988; and interviews with several former Korean officials. Data on ROK-Hungarian
economic deals from a confidential source. Bazhanova report from “North Korea and Seoul-Moscow Relations,” in
Korea and Russia Toward the 21st Century
(Sejong Institute, 1992), 334. On Soviet-ROK connections at the Olympics, see James F. Larson and Heung-Soo Park,
Global Television and the Politics of the Seoul Olympics
(Westview Press, 1993). For the booty the Russians took home, see the unpublished Daewoo manuscript, “The Civilian Ambassador Kim Woo Choong.”

Washington Launches a Modest Initiative
:
State Department view,
DOS cable
, “ROK President Roh’s Visit: US Policy Re N. Korea,” October 25, 1988, Secret (declassified 1995). Sigur quote, Sigur interview, September 16, 1993. Clark quote, Clark interview, June 23, 1993. State cable on “staying in step,” DOS
cable
, “ROK President Roh’s Visit: U.S. Policy Re N. Korea,” October 25, 1988, Secret (declassified 1995).

State Department instructions,
DOS cable
, “Policy/Regulation Changes Regarding North Korea: Informing Seoul, Tokyo, Moscow, and Beijing,” October 28, 1988, Confidential (declassified 1995). Burkhardt meetings, Burkhardt interview, September 28, 1993. See also B. C. Koh, “North Korea’s Policy Toward the United States,” in
Foreign Relations of North Korea
(Sejong Institute, 1994), a particularly helpful account of US–North Korean diplomacy prior to 1994.

C
HAPTER
9: M
OSCOW
S
WITCHES
S
IDES