THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES (166 page)
Read THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES Online
Authors: Philip Bobbitt
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1927- ): U.S. diplomat, politician, and political scientist,
379
,
476
,
854
,
877
,
897
multipolarity:
condition of global political environment with more than two superpower nuclear arsenals,
15
,
680 – 1
,
683–4
,
687 – 8
Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea (Il Duce) (1883 – 1945):
Italian dictator and Fascist politician,
37 – 8
,
40
,
361
,
471
,
601
Nagy, Imre (1896 – 1958): Hungarian prime minister (1953 – 1955, 1956);
attempted to liberalize Hungarian communist state,
53
,
834
Napoleon I (also Bonaparte, Napoleon) (1769 – 1821): French (Corsican-born) general and dictator; first consul (1799 – 1804);
emperor (1804 – 1815),
482
,
538
,
541
,
544
,
546 – 8
,
552
,
554 – 7
,
559 – 64
,
577
,
613
,
676
,
783
,
839 – 40,
852
,
869
,
877
,
896
Napoleon, Louis (Napoleon III) (1808 – 1873): French president (1848 – 1852);
emperor (1852 – 1870),
179 – 83
,
198 – 200
nation-state: dominant constitutional order of twentieth century;
promised to improve material welfare of its people,
144 – 204
,
468 – 77
Nesselrode, Karl Robert Vasilyevich, Graf (1780 –1862): German-Russian (Portugese-born) diplomat;
Russian foreign minister (1822 – 1856)
;
Russian imperial chancellor (1845 – 1862),
166
,
561
,
841
,
869
Neumann, John von (1903 – 1957): U.S. (Hungarian-born) mathematician; developed game theory,
243
,
848
New Economic Policy (NEP): popular Leninist reform that ended requisitioning, legalized private trade, and abandoned the semi-militarization of labor,
29
,
615
,
832
Nitze, Paul (1907– ): U.S. public official, the principal author of NSC-68,
a secret state paper that provided the strategic plan for the defeat of communism through containment,
57
,
654
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
234
,
236
,
264
,
337
,
338 – 9
,
363
,
437
,
645
,
675
,
736
,
739
,
748
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
247 – 8
,
253
,
264
,
628
,
752
,
782
Northern Ireland, 448, 465, 598,
815
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT):
multilateral treaty pledging nonnuclear-weapon powers to abstain from developing nuclear weapons and nuclear-weapon powers to assist in the development of nuclear energy (1968),
255
,
312
,
686
,
759 – 60
nuclear proliferation,
218
,
268
,
289
,
677
,
679
,
681 – 7
,
689
,
713
,
726
,
745
,
759
,
882
,
891
nuclear weapons,
12 – 16
,
48 – 50
,
52
,
52 – 56
,
59
,
196
,
206
,
208
,
216 – 19
,
235
,
252 – 3
,
263
,
278
,
294
,
305 – 8
,
311 – 12
,
315
,
329
,
347
,
394
,
620 – 1
,
629 – 30
,
634
,
654
,
676 – 91
,
694
,
704
,
717
,
726
,
728
,
733
,
745 – 7
,
756
,
760
,
811
,
847
,
882
,
900
Nunn-Lugar program: a U.S. statute providing for the peaceful dismantling of Russian nuclear weapons,
305
Nuremberg trials (1945 – 1946): proceedings against Nazi war criminals,
5
,
356
,
451
,
594
Ogarkov, Nikolai,
294
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman, Count of (1587 – 1645): Spanish (Italian-born) political leader;
chief minister (1625 – 1643) under Philip IV,
108
,
111
,
115
,
278 – 9
,
831
,
892
Open Markets Committee: group with the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank devoted to interest rate deliberations,
229
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): international organization established during thecold war (1973) to promote East-West cooperation;
256
,
270
,
446
,
468
Organization of African Unity: established (1963) to promote unity and development,
267
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele (1860 – 1952): Italian diplomat and politician; Italian prime minister (1917 – 1919),
406
,
409
,
578
,
848
Ottoman Empire: founded in late thirteenth century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia;
dissolved in 1918;
included modern Turkey, Bulgaria, Rumania, and parts of Yugoslavia, Greece and the Near East,
120
,
181 – 2
,
184
,
468
,
872
,
880
Owen, Lord David Anthony Llewellyn (1938- ): British diplomat and politician;
British foreign secretary (1977 – 1979);
as E.C. envoy to Yugoslavia, codeveloper of Vance-Owen plan,
423
,
443
,
445
,
448
,
457
,
462
,
464
,
861 – 2
,
897
Oxenstierna, Axel Gustafsson, Count (1583 – 1654): Swedish diplomat and political figure,
112 – 14
,
504
,
512
,
517
,
866
Oxenstierna, Johan (1611–1654): Swedish representative at Westphalia,
503
Palmerston, 3rd Viscount (Henry John Temple) (1784 – 1865): English political leader; prime minister (1855 – 1858, 1859 – 1865); negotiated Quadruple Alliance among Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal (1834),
172
,
181
,
183
,
191
,
251
Pan American Pact,
384
Paret, Peter,
152
,
155
,
832
,
835 – 7
,
839 – 40
,
843
,
869
,
891
,
893
,
897 – 9
Parker, Geoffrey,
69 – 73
,
93
,
152
,
336
,
831
,
835 – 9
,
842
,
852
,
867
,
891
,
893
,
897
parliamentarianism,
26 – 7
,
29
,
31
,
35
,
38 – 9
,
53
,
58
,
201
,
215
,
384
,
571
,
593 – 5
,
598 – 600
,
605
,
607 – 8
,
611
,
635
,
675
,
781
,
811
,
831
Peace of Augsburg (1555): ratified the vic-tory of the princely state and the principle of
cuius regio, eius religio
,
106
,
109
,
120
,
344
,
486 – 93
,
501
,
504 – 6
,
514
,
864
Peace of Paris (1763):
133
,
556
,
571
,
610
,
612
,
626
,
628
,
635 – 39
,
663
,
676
,
680
,
762
,
776
,
802
,
874
Peace of Paris (1990): ratified the triumph of the parliamentary nation-state;
ended the Long War of the twentieth century, includes Charter of Paris, Moscow and Copenhagen Declaration,
24
,
61
,
821
Peace of Utrecht (1713): ended the War of the Spanish Succession; ratified the pre-eminence of the territorial state,
129
,
131
,
344
,
520
,
522
,
526
,
537
,
550
Peace of Versailles (1919): ended the First World War;
ratified the triumph of the nation-state,
31 – 41
,
43
,
200
,
378
,
400
,
404
,
406
,
409 – 10
,
417
,
433
,
449
Peace of Westphalia (1648): ended the Thirty Years' War and ratified the success of the secular, absolutist forms of the kingly state that had superseded the sectarian, dynastically plural forms of the princely state,
17
,
22
,
25
,
54
,
95
,
107
,
116 – 17
,
119 – 20
,
122
,
125
,
127
,
134
,
158
,
336
,
344
,
495
,
501 – 9
,
511 – 517
,
519 – 20
,
523
,
526
,
536
,
540
,
571
,
574 – 5
,
579
,
637
,
777
,
805
,
863
,
865 – 6
Peloponnesian Wars (c. 460
B.C
. – 404
B.C
.): between Athens and Sparta; eventually every Greek state, as well as Sicily and Persia, was drawn into the conflict,
332
Perry, William James (1927– ): U.S. secretary of defense (1994 – 1997),
298
,
310
,
375
,
830
,
849 – 51
,
890
Philip IV (Philip III of Portugal) (1605 – 1665):
king of Spain (1621 – 1665),
108
,
122
,
124
,
278