The Last Days of the Incas (89 page)

Tono River,
282

Toraco, Antonio de,
302
–
3

Tordesillas, Treaty of,
77
n

Toro, Alonso de,
214
,
264

Torontoy site,
390
,
395
,
396

toucans,
372

trading system,
100
–
101
,
308
–
9
,
445

Trujillo, Peru,
230
,
233
,
310
,
311

Trujillo, Spain,
18
–
19
,
37
,
187
,
225
,
317
,
333

Tumbez,
30
–
32
,
35
,
38
–
40
,
42
,
47
,
55
,
58
,
63
,
65
,
69
,
86
,
89
,
102
,
107
,
118
,
120
,
310

Tunis, Battle of,
246

Tupac,
311

Tupac Amaru,
354
,
365
–
66
,
368
–
78
,
385
,
399
,
405
,
406
,
410
,
417
,
429

Tupac Huallpa,
138
,
150
n
,
153
,
239

Tupac Inca,
45
–
46
,
150
,
278
,
280
,
281
–
82
,
290
,
308
–
9
,
444
,
445

United Fruit Co.,
9
,
379

University of Cuzco,
388
,
449

unqus
(tunics),
114

Urcos,
265

Urubamba,
389
–
90

Urubamba River,
8
–
9
,
12
,
14
,
283
,
289
,
368
,
371
,
385
,
386
,
388
–
89
,
391
–
92
,
393
,
396
,
399
,
404
,
418
,
419
,
420
,
441
,
448
,
450
,
452

uru-kusillu-kunas
(spider monkeys),
322
,
408

Vaca de Castro,
343

Valladolid royal court,
187
–
88

Valverde, Vincente de,
70
,
76
–
79
,
127
,
131
–
33
,
151
,
152
–
53
,
472
n

vibora
(poisonous snake),
8

Victorian Age,
4

Vilcabamba,
9
,
13
–
14
,
98
,
305
–
12
,
326
–
30
,
343
–
46
,
348
,
352
,
354
,
356
–
71
,
373
,
379
–
80
,
384
–
87
,
389
,
393
,
399
,
401
,
402
–
11
,
417
–
36
,
437
,
440
–
51
,
453
,
455
,
457
,
458
,
459
–
60
,
488
n
,
489
n

Vilcabamba River
Valley,
283
,
321
–
22
,
387
–
88
,
389
,
393
,
399
–
400
,
440
–
41
,
444
–
45
,
447
–
48

Vilcanota River,
198
,
243
,
269
,
278
,
330
,
389
,
439

Vilcashuaman,
233
–
34

Villac Umu,
171
,
176
–
78
,
189
,
190
,
191
,
193
,
197
,
202
,
207
,
213
,
220
,
226
–
27
,
316
,
317
–
18
,
330

Villadiego, Captain,
313
–
15

Viracocha Inca,
43
,
290
,
437
–
38

viracochas
(conquistadores),
142
–
43
,
178
,
179
,
182
,
184
,
185
,
197
,
240
,
244
,
275
,
310
,
355

Virgin Mary,
211
,
212

Vitcos,
247
–
83
,
286
–
91
,
307
,
309
,
321
–
22
,
345
–
47
,
357
,
365
,
369
,
385
,
386
–
87
,
389
,
393
,
398
,
399
,
400
–
404
,
420
,
427
,
429
,
440
,
442
,
445
,
446
,
455
,
457

Voltaire,
334

von Hagen, Victor,
413
,
418
,
433

W. R. Grace and Co.,
9

warak’as
(slings),
144
,
199
,
200
,
201
,
205
,
208
,
209
,
249

Wari civilization,
42

weapons:

Incan,
143
–
45
,
199
,
200
,
201
,
204
–
5
,
208
,
209
,
215
,
237
,
358

Spanish,
81
–
85
,
142
–
44
,
145
,
203
,
295
,
296
–
99
,
313
–
14
,
345
,
460

Wiener, Charles,
448
,
450
,
451

Willcamayu River,
243
n

Winchester Arms Co.,
9

witchcraft,
363
–
64

women,
166
,
173
–
76
,
178
,
180
,
199
,
201
,
222
–
23
,
250
,
264
,
268
,
289
–
90
,
302
,
306
,
309
,
313
,
319
–
20
,
321
,
325
–
26
,
328
–
30
,
357
n

writing,
1
,
97
–
99
,
143
,
145

Xerez, Francisco de,
59
,
64
,
65
,
74
–
75
,
82
–
83
,
84
,
102
,
103
,
106
,
150

Xuárez, Gabriel,
447
n

Yale University,
8
,
9
–
10
,
381
,
386
–
91
,
394
,
398
–
99
,
403
–
4
,
413
,
451
n

yanaconas
(servants),
180
,
181
,
190
,
201
,
238
,
247
,
250
,
251

Yanama River,
458

Yauyo tribe,
253

yellow fever,
453

Yucay River,
198
,
243
,
269
,
278
,
330
,
389
,
439

Yucay Valley,
190
–
92
,
197
,
243
,
247
–
50
,
261
,
263
,
269
,
271
,
276
,
278
,
357
–
58
,
385
,
389
,
399
,
439

Yungay,
415

Zárate, Agustín de,
172
,
235
,
334
–
35

Zárate, Juan,
108
–
16

Zegarra, Alfredo Valencia,
456

Ziegler, Gary,
456
–
58

Zope-Zopahua,
181

Zuricara River,
64

^*
Extremadura at the time of the Conquest was part of the Kingdom of Castile; the nation that would later be called Spain would be formed by the gradual amalgamation of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. The region of Extremadura, comprising the modern provinces of Badajoz and Cáceres, is still the poorest region of Spain today.

^†
Cortés was a second cousin of Francisco Pizarro through Cortés’s mother, Catalina Pizarro Altamirano.

^*
At the time, no one could have known that ironically in this fleet rode two men—twenty-four-year-old Francisco Pizarro and eighteen-year-old Bartolomé de Las Casas—as diametrically opposed to each other as two men would ever be. The former would conquer an empire of ten million and would distribute its native inhabitants to his fellow Spaniards as another would distribute so many heads of cattle. The latter would later become a priest and the greatest champion the natives of the New World would have during the period of the Conquest. Las Casas’s influence upon King Charles V would prove so great, in fact, that laws protecting the Indians would be introduced that would ultimately lead to the death of one of Pizarro’s brothers, Gonzalo, and to the destruction of the Pizarros’ power in Peru. Did the two men ever meet each other? It’s difficult to say. But with a population of just over one thousand on the island, most of whom lived in its capital, Santo Domingo, it’s probably safe to say that the two men whom fate and personality would soon pit against each other must have at least passed each other on the street.

^*
Columbus would die at the age of fifty-four in Valladolid in 1506, four years after Pizarro arrived in the New World. He died in relative obscurity, still believing that he had discovered a new route to Asia.

^*
The fish shells were undoubtedly those of
Spondylus.
These were pink bivalve shells that were highly valued and were used as offerings throughout the Inca Empire, but which were only found in the tropical waters off Ecuador.

^*
Four years earlier, in 1524, a Portuguese adventurer named Aleixo Garcia had actually led a group of two thousand marauding Guaraní Indians and penetrated the southeastern corner of the Inca Empire, sacking several Inca towns in what is now Bolivia. The Incas under Huayna Capac repelled the invaders and refortified the border with a chain of forts. Garcia was killed in 1525 on the Paraguay River, only a year after his raid on the Inca Empire and three years before Francisco Pizarro and his small band of men landed on the far northwestern corner of what is now Peru.

^*
King Charles V married his cousin Isabella of Portugal on March 10,526. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Isabella I of Castile, who was Columbus’s patron.

^*
Or at least certain Inca informants told the Spaniards that there had been an “uprising.” Inca conquest ideology, however, often revolved around propaganda justifying their numerous military campaigns and conquests.

^*
Western South America is one of only six locations in the world, after all, where the formation of a state-level society occurred. The other areas were MesoAmerica, China, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and northern China.

^*
The Tambo Valley is now known as the Sacred, or Vilcanota, Valley.

^*
Tawantin
in the Inca language, Quechua, means a group of four things (
tawa
means four with the suffix
-ntin
, which names a group; and
suyu
, which means “part”).

^*
This description of Huascar comes down to us from Juan de Betanzos, a Spaniard who married Atahualpa’s sister. The description, therefore, is probably a biased one.

^*
Aleixo Garcia, the Portuguese adventurer, was actually the first European to climb into the Andes.

^*
The Incas more than likely called their language
runasimi
, from
runa
, which means “people,” and
simi
, which means “speech.” It wasn’t until 1560 that the term
Quechua
first appeared in a Spanish document referring to the Incas’ language. The name
Quechua
was probably derived from a misunderstanding by the conquistadors of the term
qheswa-simi
.
Qheswa
means “valley” and
simi
means speech. By 1560, the Spaniards were using the word
Quechua
—a garbled version of the Inca word
Qheswa
, or “valley,” to refer to the official language of the Inca Empire.