The Good and Evil Serpent (151 page)

142
. See the reflections by H. Leisegang in his
Das Mysterium der Schlange: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung des griechischen Mysterienkultes und seines Fortlebens in der christlichen Welt
(Zürich, 1940) pp. 151–251. For English translation see H. Leisegang,
The Mystery of the Serpent
, trans. Apostolos Kontos (Athens, 1993).

143
. I understand the references to “the waters under the earth” to be still part of the earth.

144
. The first “E” was written backward.

145
. The first “E” was again written backward.

146
. The “H” is written defectively; it looks like an “F.”

147
. The first and second “E” are written backward.

148
. See the discussion of “der gute Genius” in Leitz,
Die Schlangennamen
, pp. 3133. Also see G. B. Montanari, “Agathadaimon,”
EAA
1 (1958) 134–35 (with a photograph on p. 135). Also see the photograph of the Agathadaimon in Pompeii in the previous chapter.

149
. Also see the discussion later in this chapter of the annual festival in Alexandria that honored Aion. See notably, R. Ganszyniec,
De Agathodaemone
(Warsaw, 1919); Jakobsson, “Daimon och Agathos Daimon” (PhD diss., Lund, 1925); G. E. Visser,
Götter und Kulte im Ptolemaeischen Alexandrien
(Amsterdam, 1938); F. Dunand,
Les représentations de l’Agathodémon: À propos de quelques bas-reliefs du Musée d’Alexandrie (Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale
167; [Paris?], 1967) pp. 7–48; and P. M. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria
, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1972) vol. 1, pp. 209–11; vol. 2, pp. 356–60 (= note 164–79). See esp. the publications he cites in these note.

150
. See R. Ganshinietz, “Agathodämon,”
Pauly-Wissowa
Suppl. 3 (1918) 37–59. See also O. Jakobsson, “Daimon och Agathos Daimon.”

151
. See F. Dunand, “Agathodaimon,”
LIMC
pp. 277–82.

152
. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria
, vol. 1, pp. 210–11.

153
. See M. Pietrzykowski, “Sarapis—Agathos Daimon,” in
Hommages à Maarten J. Vermaseren
, ed. M. B. de Boer and T. A. Edridge (Leiden, 1978) pp. 959–66.

154
. Pompeii IX.7.21; for a photograph see
LIMC
I.2, p. 203 (no. 7).

155
. See the illustration in
LIMC
, I.2, p. 207.

156
. See the illustrations in
LIMC
, I.2, pp. 203–4. Dunand points out that on the marble, beneath the serpent, appear to be two humans who perhaps portray Agatha-daimon and Agatha Tyche.

157
. For the photographs, see
LIMC
, I.2, pp. 204–5.

158
. See the photographs in
LIMC
, I.2, p. 206.

159
. See the photograph in
LIMC
, I.2, p. 207.

160
. Dunand, “Agathodaimon,” p. 277.

161
. Dunand,
Les représentations de l’Agathodémon
, pp. 7–48.

162
. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria
, vol. 2, p. 357.

163
. See Pietrzykowski in
Hommages à Maarten J. Vermaseren
, pp. 964–66.

164
. The word “Gigantes” does not occur in the
Iliad
. It appears in the
Odyssey
three times (7.59, 7.201–6, 10.120) and seems to denote a tribe of monstrous men, not unlike demigods, who lived in the past and on the earth but in a far-off region. A reliable short introduction is by W. Scott, “Giants (Greek and Roman),” in
Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
(New York, 1966) vol. 6, pp. 193–97.

165
. Prior to the fourth century BCE, Titanomachy was distinguished from Gigan-tomacy, but the two were meshed in the subsequent centuries.

166
. See F. Vian with M. B. Moore, “Gigantes,”
LIMC
, IV.1, pp. 191–270.

167
. See
EAA
8 (1973) Plates 218–25. Also see M. Grant and R. Kitzinger, eds.,
Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean
(New York, 1988) vol. 3, p. 1720, Fig. 15.

168
. See E. Schmidt,
Le grand autel de Pergame
(Leipzig, 1962); see esp. p. 17, and illustrations 5, 10, 15, 16, 28, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39.

169
. In biblical Hebrew there are numerous nouns that have been translated as “Giants”:
Gibborim, Anakim, Emim, Zamzummim, Rephaim
, and
Nephilim
. Most of these are either hyperbolas for great fighters or mean “mighty warriors,” as
Gibborim
surely does
(pace
the translators of the LXX, who took it to mean Giants).
Nephilim
denote “Giants.” No skeletons of persons 3 meters tall, or near that size, have been found in ancient Palestine.

170
. See M. A. Harder in
Lexikon des früh griechischen Epos
(Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, 1991) vol. 2, col. 147. Also see M. Hofinger,
Lexicon Hesiodeum cum indice inverso
, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1978, 1985 [with D. Pinte]).

171
. My translation is a revision of that by J. G. Frazer; for the Greek and his translation, see
Apollodorus: The Library
(LCL; London, Cambridge, Mass., 1967) vol. 1, pp. 42–43.

172
. See the works cited by M. L. West—notably E. HF 853, Telecl. 1.15,
Epig. Gr
. Gr. 831.8, Epic. Alex. Adesp. 9.6.13–14, and Batr. 7—in Hesiod,
Theogony
, ed. M. L. West (Oxford, 1966) p. 173.

173
. See L. Kjellberg,
“Die Giganten bei Homer,” Eranos
12 (1912) 195–98; and F. Vian,
La guerre des Géants
(Paris, 1952).

174
. See West, “The Titanomachy,” in Hesiod,
Theogony
, pp. 336–59. He discusses the Titanomachy found in Hesiod, Epimenides, and Pherecydes, and ascribed to Eu-melus or Arctinus.

175
. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Suppl. Gr. 247; see the illustration in
EAA
4 (1961) 111.

176
. See esp. the illustrations in
LIMO
, IV.2, nos. 24, 61h, 92, 93a, 93d, 400, 483, 501, 502, 511, 523, 571, 588, and 589c.

177
. See the dracma of Telephos (70–68 BCE) that is shown in
EAA
4 (1961) 155:4.

178
. The Latin
anguipes
, “snake or serpent footed,” is usually reserved for the Giants. See the
Oxford Latin Dictionary
(Oxford, 1968) ad loc. cit.

179
. See esp. the ceramic depicting a Giant with massive anguipedes, now on display in the Staatliche Museen in Berlin V.I.3375; for a photograph, see
LIMC
, IV.2, Plate 149 (no. 389).

180
. Aelian,
Nat. an
. 17.1.

181
. For the Greek and English translation, see H. L. Jones, ed. and trans.,
The Geography of Strabo
(LCL; London, Cambridge, Mass., 1966) vol. 7, pp. 336–37. Also see
Geography
17.2.2 and 17.3.6.

182
. Strabo,
Geography
, 2.1.9:
.

183
. See Ovid,
Metam
. 1.184; for the Latin and English translation, see the edition of the
Metamorphoses
, 2 vols., ed. and trans. F. J. Miller (LCL; London, Cambridge, Mass., 1968, 1971), vol. 1, pp. 14–15.

184
. My translation is essentially the same as that by Frazer; for the Greek and his translation, see Frazer,
Apollodorus
, vol. 1, pp. 44–49.

185
. Frazer,
Apollodorus
, vol. 1, p. 49.

186
. Herodotus,
Hist
. 4.9; see the edition by Godley, vol. 2, pp. 206–7.

187
. For depictions of Hercules, see
LIMC
, IV.2, Plates 445–559.

188
. See the photograph in
Encyclopédie Photographique de l’Art
, vol. 3, p. 82:C.

189
. Apollodorus,
The Library
2.4.8; see Frazer,
Apollodorus
, vol. 1, pp. 174–75.

190
. The plates are in
LIMC
, IV.2.

191
. See esp. T. Gants,
Early Greek Myth
(Baltimore, London, 1993) p. 410.

192
. See the illustrations in
LIMC
, IV.2, pp. 552–56, V.2, pp. 9–30, 99, 103, 110–11.

193
. Note the illustration in
EAA
4 (1961) 90:117 and 697:841. Also, see the illustrations in
LIMC
, V.2, pp. 52–62.

194
. See the photograph in
EAA
7 (1966) 18.

195
. See the photograph in
Encyclopédie Photographique de l’Art
, vol. 3, p. 2.

196
. See the photograph in M. Avi Yonah and I. Shatzman,
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Classical World
(New York, London, 1975) p. 117.

197
. For bibliography on Laocoon, see E. Simon, “Laokoon,” in
LIMC
, VI.1, pp. 196–201, esp. p. 197.

198
. See M. Wacht,
Concordantia Vergiliana
, 2 vols. (New York, 1996).

199
. My translation is based on that by H. R. Fairclough; for the Latin and Fairclough’s translation, see
Virgil
(LCL; London, Cambridge, Mass., 1967) vol. 1, pp. 296–97.

200
. My translation is dependent, in most places, on the translation by Fairclough; for the Latin and English translation, see Fairclough,
Virgil
, vol. 1, pp. 308–9.

201
. See the photographs in
EAA
4 (1961) 467 and 469 (full page); also see the fragment of a vase showing Laocoon and the serpent on p. 466:546.

202
. See the illustrations in
LIMC
, IV.2, pp. 94–95 and in the
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Classical World
, p. 260.

203
. Simon calls them “Ein dämonisches Schlangenpaar.”
LIMC
, VI.1, p. 196. I demur.

204
. See the photograph of the elegant example of Glykon as a serpent with a friendly human face in
EAA
9 (1973) p. 356:352. Also see G. Bordenacher, “Glykon,”
EAA
9 (1973) 356.

205
. See the illustrations in
LIMC
, IV.2, Plate 161 and in
EAA
9 (1973) 356:351.

206
. See the drawing in
LIMC
, IV.1, p. 281 and F. Lenormant, “Un monument du culte de Glykon,”
Gazette archéologique
4 (1878) 179–83. Also see the bibliography and discussion by G. B. Battaglia in
LIMC
, IV.1, pp. 279–83.

207
. See I. Krauskopf and S.-C. Dahlinger, “Gorgo, Gorgeous,” in
LIMC
, IV.1, pp. 285–330.

208
. See
LIMC
, IV.2, Plates 178–88.

209
. Ovid,
Metam
. 4.794–803; for the Latin and English translation, see Ovid,
Metamorphoses
, ed. and trans. Miller, vol. 1, pp. 234–35.

210
. See R. J. Deferrari et al.,
A Concordance of Lucan
(Washington, 1940; reprinted at Hildesheim and New York, 1965).

211
. Lucan,
Pharsalia
, 9.629–55; for the Latin and English translation see J. D. Duff,
Lucan
(LCL; London, Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp. 552–53.

212
. Ovid,
Metam
. 4.492–502; for the Latin and English translation, see the
Metamorphoses
, ed. Miller, vol. 1, pp. 212–13.

213
. Homer,
Iliad
11.36–37: ò’èjrì (lèv ropyyrà.

214
. See the discussion by Krauskopf and Dahlinger in
LIMC
IV.1, p. 300. See the illustrations in
LIMC
, IV.2, Plates 165, 173, 174–76.

215
. See the discussion by Krauskopf and Dahlinger in
LIMC
, IV.1, p. 309, and the illustration in
LIMC
, IV.2, Plate 181, no. 272.

216
. See O. Paoletti, “Gorgones Romanae,” in
LIMC
, IV.1, pp. 345–62.

217
. See the photograph in
LIMC
, IV.1, Plate 195, no. 12. For a discussion, see K. M. D. Dunbabin in
Bulletin de l’Association Internationale pour l’Etude de la Mosaïque Antique
7 (1978) 258. Also see Paoletti,
LIMC
, IV.1, p. 347.

218
. Pherekydes of Athens FGrH 16b (according to Schol. Apoll. Rhod. IV 1396; Jacoby,
Fragmente
, p. 65).

219
. The Latin adjective
insopitus
denote “sleepless” and “wakeful.” Lucan
Phar-salia
, 9.357; see Duff,
Lucan
, p. 530.

220
. I. McPhee, “Ladon,”
LIMC
, VI.1, pp. 176–80. For illustrations, see
LIMC
, VI.2, Plates 81–85.