The Discovery of France (55 page)

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‘Franchiman’ and ‘Franciot’: Aufauvre, 153; Boissier de Sauvages, v.

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games of pelota: Lunemann, 54–5.

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‘France ought not to exist’: Le Bras and Todd, 23; Perrot, 127 .

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zones of ugliness and beauty: Marlin, II, 81 and 97; I, 66; IV, 117; II, 157; IV, 37.

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‘how many pretty women’: Marlin, II, 280.

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priest of Montclar: Barker (1893), 214.

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‘a very fat file’ (Lot): Weber, 57.

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champions were appointed: e.g. Lachamp-Raphaël: Du Boys, 241.

link
Lavignac, Flavignac: Corbin (1994), 58.

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pays
: e.g. Planhol, 159–60; Reclus (1886), 454–70.

link
‘246 different kinds’:
Newsweek
, 1 October 1962.

link
Secret army reports: Weber, 105.

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heirlooms to the metal: Corbin (1994), 86.

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recruiting sergeants: Salaberry, 17.

link
dispelled storms:
Feuille villageoise
, 1792–93, 247–8.

link
electrocuted at the end of a bell-rope: Arago (1851); also
MP
, 1888, p. 195.

link
summoned angels: Corbin (1994), 102.

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countless complaints: Corbin (1994), 99 and 300.

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communes
in . . . Morbihan: Augustins.

link
As late as 1886: Levasseur, I, 342.

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cagot exogamy, 1700–59: Marie Kita Tambourin, in Paronnaud; also Planhol, 207.

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sophisticated village institutions: Baker; P. Jones (2003), 50–54.

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Salency: Marlin, II, 346–50.

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Hoedic and Houat: Bonnemère, II, 445; Laville; Letourneau.

link
La Bresse: N. Richard, 224.

link
Pignou clan: Bonnemère, II, 341–6; Hirzel, 326–7 and 370–84; A. Legoyt, in
Les Français
,
Province
, II, 209–11.

link
declared independence: P. Jones (1988), 171.

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measures varied: e.g. Burguburu; Fodéré, I, xxiii; Peuchet and Chanlaire,
passim
; Weber, 30–32.

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‘using Roman numerals’: Peuchet, ‘Isere’, 43.

link
‘Chizerot’ tribe: Dumont (1894), 444.

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three meetings: Soulet, in Tilloy, 239.

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Mandeure thieves: Capt. G. . . .

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absence of crime . . .: e.g. Pérégrin, 65.

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illegitimate children: Sussman, 21.

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‘insulting vegetable bombardments’: M. Segalen, 49–51.

link
a ‘witch’ was burned to death: Devlin, 363. Another witch was burned at Tarbes in 1862 (Dix, 326), and a witch’s possessions at Rodez,
c.
1830 (Maurin).

link
French imperial justice: e.g. Corbin (1990).

3. T
HE
T
RIBES OF
F
RANCE
, II

link
villages’ nicknames: Collet; Labourasse, 198–224.

link
‘Faubourg de Rome’: Balzac, IV, 359.

link
Foratin people: F. Pyat, in
Les Français, Province,
II, 330; Lagneau (1861), 394–5; Lucay, 70–71; Reclus (1886), 403; Rolland de Denus, 72; Wailly, 330–31.

link
Gavaches or Marotins: Lagarenne, 135; Lagneau (1861), 404; Lagneau (1876); Larousse (‘Gavache’).

link
confused with ‘the English’: Barker (1893), 195 and 212.

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‘good old Caesar’: Vitu.

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people of Sens . . . house of Savoy: Marlin, I, 37; Mortillet, in
BSAP
(1865), 200.

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bards and Druids: Sébillot (1882), I, 27.

link
Colliberts: A. Hugo; Lagardelle; Lagneau (1861), 347 and 365; Saint-Lager, 86.

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‘in the plain’: Brune, 136.

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‘Huttiers’: Brune, 129–37; cf. Cavoleau.

link
fleet of Marais poitevin: Rabot, 382.

link
Pierre the Collibert: Masse-Isidore, 276–90; also Arnauld; Baugier.

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cagots (general): Dally; Descazeaux; Keane; Lagneau (1861), 401–4; Magitot; F. Michel; Monlezun, 242; Rochas.

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dwarfish figure: The little figure carved on the font at Saint-Savin (Hautes-Pyrénées), often said to be a cagot, is a monk.

link
hand was sliced off: Lande, 434.

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a cagot from Moumour: Descazeaux, 49.

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curé of Lurbe: F. Michel, I, 133–4.

link
prejudices and persecutions came and went: In the Pyrenees: Anon. (1835), 78; Bilbrough, 99; Bonnecaze, 80; Costello, II, 260—310; C. P. V.; Dix, 243—4; Domairon, XXXIII (1790), 349; Gaskell; H. L.; Haristoy; J. B. J., 286; A. Joanne (1868), lii; Lagneau, in
Dictionnaire encyclopédique,
XI (1870), 534—57; Lande, 444—6; Lunemann, 47; Ramond; Richard and Lheureux, 78; Saint-Lager, 70; F. Michel; Weld (1859), 99. In Brittany: Calvez; Chéruel (‘Cagots’); Constantine, 85—119; A. de Courcy, in
Les Français, Province,
III, 33; Lallemand, 133—4; Lande, 446—47; F. Michel, I, 62; Plumptre, III, 232—3; Vallin, 84. Around Bordeaux: Zintzerling, 227—8.

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‘cursed races’: F. Michel.

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cagot mayor . . . Ararmts: F. Michel, I, 126—30.

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at Dognen and Castetbon: F. Michel, I, 136.

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baker at Hennebont: F. Michel, I, 170; Rolland de Denus, 117.

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teacher in Salies-de-Béarn: Descazeaux, 67.

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descendants of Cathars: Cathars: Lagneau (1861), 402; Lande, 438; Le Bas (‘Cagot’);
MP,
1841, p. 295; Perret (1881), 66; Saint-Lager, 71.

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first Christian converts: Bonnecaze, 79—80; Lande, 436; F. Michel, I, ; Walckenaer, ‘Sur les Vaudois’, 330—34.

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confused with lepers: Descazeaux, 19; Lajard; Lande, 447; cf. Fay.

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as many Bretons believed: Cambry (1798), III, 146—7.

link
‘
A baig dounc la Cagoutaille!
’: F. Michel, II, 158.

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Compostela theory: Descazeaux; Loubès; Paronnaud.

link
perceived as a threat: e.g. Perdiguier (1863).

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A group of cagots in Toulouse: Saint-Lager, 84.

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‘
Jentetan den ederrena
’: F. Michel, II, 150—1; also Webster (1877), 263—4.

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still tend to intermarry: Marie Kita Tambourin, in Paronnaud.

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‘They have been piled up here’: Marlin, I, 47—8.

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‘Saracen’: Lagneau (1861), 382—6; Lagneau (1868), 170—73; etc.

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swore by Allah: Dumont (1894), 445.

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Val d’Ajol clans: Anon. (1867), 347;
BSAP,
1874, 704—5; Dorveaux; Hirzel, 389—91; Lévêque.

4. O Ò
C
S
Í
B
AI
Y
A
W
IN
O
UI
O
YI
A
WÈ
J
O
J
A
O
UA

link
Abbé Grégoire: Certeau et al. Replies to his questionnaire in Gazier.

link
‘flying-buttresses of despotism’: Lavallee, ‘Iile-et-Vilaine’, 35.

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river Nizonne: Gazier, 1877, 215.

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Even plants and stars: Gazier, 1878, 244–5.

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landowner from Montauban: Certeau et al., 261.

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‘only by the Supreme Being’: Gazier, 1877, 233.

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Salins-les-Bains: Gazier, 1878, 256.

link
Lyon was a hive: Certeau et al., 221.

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later linguistic purges: Vigier, 194–5.

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forced to use interpreters: Bourguet, 135–8; Romieu, in Williams, 476; Savant.

link
‘the language is slow’: Larousse, ‘Dauphinois’; also X. Roux, 250.

link
manuals for provincials: Anon. (1827), p. ix; Brun; Dhauteville; Gabrielli, 4–5; J.-F. Michel; Molard; Pomier; Sigart, 6. Cf. Callet, 6; Jaubert; Mége, 18.

link
terms such as ‘
affender
’: Larousse (‘Picard’); Burgaud Des Marets (‘Rochelais’).

link
‘I was never able’: Albert, curé de Seynes: in Certeau et al., 256.

link
‘By the time I reached Lyon’: La Fontaine et al., 102–3.

link
Oc–Oïl frontier: Gilliéron and Edmont; Lamouche; Plazanet; Terracher, I, 28–31, 62 and 241.

link
‘Allobroge’: Perdiguier (1854), 381.

link
whistling languages: Arripe (Aas);
BSAP,
1892, 15–22;
MP,
1892, 18–19.

link
‘
oui
’ from Carnac to Erdeven: Lepelletier, 530.

link
fathers ten miles apart: Dempster, 37.

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As the sun travelled: Beauquier, 232.

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sub-dialects ... in a single family: e.g. Dauzat, 288; Sarrieu, 389.

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‘Friends of the Constitution’: Gazier, 1874, 426.

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‘Gascon noir’: term noted by Arnaudin, 8.

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‘all Gascons understand’: Gazier, 1877, 238; on Lorraine dialects: Adam, xliii.

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‘
Maître d’école!
’: Boiraud, 105–6; Gazier, 1878, 11; Raverat, 205.

link
‘
francimander
’: Gazier, 1877, 215; Weber, 98–9.

link
a wider range: Seguin de Pazzis, 48; Gabrielli, 7; Marlin, I, 410–11.

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farmer . . . from Tréguier: Gazier, 1879, 184–5.

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language-learning programmes: Peuchet, ‘Lys’, 21; ‘Meurte’, 28. On persistence of Flemish: Hurlbert, 332.

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‘French leaves no more trace’: www.gwalarn.org/brezhoneg/istor/ gregoire.html; see also Raison-Jourde (1976), 357 (Cantal); Stendhal, 294 (Brittany).

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In the Cerdagne: Weber, 306; also Jamerey-Duval, 118, on his mock-Parisian French.

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Cellefrouin: Rousselot, 223.

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Breton soldiers: J. Ian Press, in Parry, 217.

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‘no place for regional languages’: Rosalind Temple, in Parry, 194.

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North of the line, roofs: Brunhes, 308–10; Duby, III, 304.

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use of the
araire:
Planté.

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eyes and hair darker: Topinard (1891), 82.

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frontier zone: Specklin; also Vidal de La Blache, II.

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carve . . . into
départements:
Assemblee Nationale, especially IX, 698–748; XI, 119–268. Hesseln’s proposal to divide France into 9 perfect squares, subdivided into 9 counties, 81 districts and 729 territories, was fortunately abandoned: Dussieux, 176–7; Planhol, 281.

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to reach the . . . centre in a day: Assemblée Nationale, IX, 744 (11 Nov. 1789).

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‘the most beautiful city in the world’: Assemblee Nationale, XI, 122 (8 Jan. 1790).

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‘languages predating Caesar’s conquest’: Assemblée Nationale, XI, 185 (Saint-Malo); 170 (Basque provinces and Bearn).

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languages learned from nurses: e.g. Bernhardt, 2; Sand (1844), 53.

5. L
IVING IN
F
RANCE
, I

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stench-laden fug: Blanchard, 32 (Queyras).

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as soon as they became ill: Hufton, 68; Weber, 170–76.

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‘They wish only for death’: É. Chevallier, 77.

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old people: see Gutton; McPhee (1992), 237.

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‘I wish we knew how long’: Guillaumin, 93–4.

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the soul . . . washed itself: Carrier, 403; Gazier, 1879, 70.

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‘Happy as a corpse’: Weber, 14.

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blessing to the natives: R. Bernard, 152–3; Moore, I, 219; Saussure, II, 488.

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witch revived the corpse: Devlin, 52; Vuillier, 532.

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secular holidays: Hazareesingh,
Saint-Napoleon.

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‘as idle as marmots’: Fabre, 7.

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mountain rodent: Ladoucette (1833), 132; Saussure, II, 153–4.

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‘inhabitants re-emerge in spring’: Blanchard, 32.

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‘something like fear’: Sand (1856), VIII, 164.

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‘After making the necessary repairs’: Thuillier (1977), 206; also Legrand d’Aussy, 280–81.

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diary of Jules Renard: 16 Jan. 1889 and 24 Dec. 1908.

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trudged and dawdled: Renard, 6 Mar. 1894; Restif, 192.

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‘dumb idleness’: Lavallée, ‘Rhin-et-Moselle’, 8; Peuchet, ‘Pas-de-Calais’, 15.

link
‘For the remaining months’: T. Delord, in
Les
Français
,
Province
, II, 61.

link
‘The vital air’: Peuchet, ‘Pas-de-Calais’, 37.

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‘unhygienic’ cellars: Audiganne, I, 28–9.

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son of a Pyrenean peasant: Fabre, 7.

link
‘Life and movement’:
Eugénie
Grandet
: Balzac, III, 1027.

link
‘This community is situated’:
Cahiers . . . de Cahors
.

link
‘On one side’:
Cahiers de . . . Rozel
, ed. C. Leroy.

link
‘
If
only
the
King
knew!
’:
Cahiers
.
.
.
de
Cahors
.

link
parish of Saint-Forget:
Cahier
.
.
.
de
Saint-Forget
(Yvelines), Service Éducatif des Archives départementales.

link
shift the tax burden: É. Chevallier, 79; e.g. Rousseau’s
Confessions
, I, 4.

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suspiciously repetitive: see P. Jones (1988), 58–67.

link
‘We have not yet seen’:
Cahiers
.
.
.
de
Cahors
.

link
poultry feathers: Taine (1879), II, 205.

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‘there is scarce a Village’: Breval, 57.