The Defence of the Realm (174 page)

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Authors: Christopher Andrew

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102
 No legal opinion by the Service Legal Adviser or any other lawyer appears to survive on this controversial subject.

103
 Security Service Archives.

104
 Alcázar had successfully deceived both the British ambassador in Madrid, Sir Samuel Hoare, who recommended him to the Foreign Office in what seemed to MI5 ‘the most fulsome terms', and the British press attaché, who described him as ‘anti-German to the core'. Security Service Archives.

105
 Security Service Archives.

106
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
p. 140
.

107
 Ibid.,
p. 141
.

108
 Security Service Archives.

109
 Guy Liddell diary, 1 Jan. 1942.

110
 Churchill was informed about this activity by a Security Service report on 1 June 1943. Security Service Archives.

111
 Security Service Archives.

112
 Though GW could no longer be used as part of the Double-Cross System, his loss was more than compensated by the expanding recruitment of other double agents.

113
 Security Service Archives.

Chapter 2: Soviet Penetration and the Communist Party

1
 Cadogan diary, 4 Sept. 1939, CCAC ACAD 1/8. Andrew,
Secret Service
,
p. 606
.

2
 Washington embassy to Foreign Office, telegram, 3 Sept. 1939 (received 4 Sept. 1939), TNA KV 2/802, s. 7a.

3
 Cadogan diary, 21, 25 Sept. 1939, CCAC ACAD 1/8. Andrew,
Secret Service
,
p. 606
.

4
 Liddell noted on 20 September, ‘It is doubtful if we shall prosecute.' Guy Liddell diary, 20 Sept. 1939.

5
 On MI5 opposition to physical brutality in interrogation, see above,
pp. 251
–
2
.

6
 Andrew,
Secret Service
,
pp. 606
–
7
. Cadogan to Treasury, 2 Dec. 1939, TNA T 162 574/E40411. Cadogan diary, 26 Sept., 30 Nov. 1939, CCAC ACAD 1/8. Dilks (ed.),
Cadogan Diaries
,
p. 235
.

7
 Harker to Gladwyn Jebb (Foreign Office), 8 Nov. 1939, TNA KV 2/802, s. 13ax.

8
 On Sissmore's marriage see above,
p. 220
.

9
 Archer to Vivian, 10 Nov. 1939, TNA KV 2/802, s. 13a.

10
 Harker to Gladwyn Jebb (FO), 20 Nov. 1939, TNA KV 2/802, s. 16a.

11
 Guy Liddell diary, 20 Jan. 1940, TNA KV 4/185.

12
 ‘Information obtained from Krivitsky', TNA KV 2/805, s. 55x. This document is published in West,
MASK
,
appendix 2
.

13
 ‘Report re interview with Krivitsky', 23 Jan. 1940, TNA KV 2/804, s. 1a. Contrary to the
initial expectation of Harker and Archer, Vivian took part in only the first few sessions of the debriefing.

14
 Ibid.

15
 Guy Liddell diary, 2 Feb. 1940.

16
 Security Service Archives.

17
 ‘Information obtained from Krivitsky', TNA KV 2/805, s. 55x.

18
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
pp. 88
–
9
.

19
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 119
.

20
 A point first persuasively made in Quinlan, ‘Human Intelligence Tradecraft and MI5 Operations in Britain',
pp. 290
–
97
.

21
 ‘Report re interview with Krivitsky', 23 Jan. 1940.TNA KV 2/804, s. 1a. Emphasis in original.

22
 ‘Note to B. re secret document seen in Moscow by K.', 3 Feb. 1940, TNA KV 2/804, s. 29a.

23
 The supposedly aristocratic breeding of the Cambridge Five became so deeply embedded in KGB mythology that Yevgeni Primakov, first head of the post-Soviet foreign intelligence service, the SVR, referred to Maclean, whom he knew personally, as a ‘Scottish lord', and made the absurd claim that he gave up a family fortune large enough to pay the running costs of Soviet foreign intelligence. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
p. 484
.

24
 ‘Information obtained from Krivitsky', TNA KV 2/805, s. 55x.

25
 ‘B.4 note re F.O. Document', 10 Feb. 1940, TNA KV 2/804, s. 41a.

26
 ‘Mally, Theodore', in ‘Information obtained from Krivitsky', TNA KV 2/805, s. 55x.

27
 See below,
p. 343
.

28
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 87
.

29
 Security Service Archives.

30
 Security Service Archives.

31
 Security Service Archives. On King's arrest and trial, see above,
p. 264
.

32
 Security Service Archives. Hooper did not admit to having worked for the Russians before the Second World War until 1957; Security Service Archives.

33
 See above,
p. 246
.

34
 In February 1941 Krivitsky was found dead from a gunshot wound in a New York hotel room. Despite the suicide note by his side, it is possible that he had been killed by a Soviet assassin.

35
 See above,
p. 185
.

36
 Security Service Archives.

37
 On Blunt's visit to the Soviet Union, see Carter,
Blunt
,
pp. 131
–
8
.

38
 Security Service Archives.

39
 See above,
p. 173
.

40
 Report by Blunt on his life and work for Soviet intelligence, submitted to the Centre in February 1943; cited by West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
p. 133
.

41
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
p. 134
.

42
 Security Service Archives.

43
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
p. 135
.

44
 The official reason for not keeping him on at Trinity after the expiry of his Research Fellowship was that there was ‘nothing for Blunt to teach'; Security Service Archives. It is often supposed that Cambridge University in the 1930s was full of uninhibited homosexual coupling. In reality, much of Cambridge was as prejudiced against gays as the rest of Britain.

45
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
p. 132
.

46
 Security Service Archives.

47
 Rose,
Elusive Rothschild
,
p. 232
.

48
 Security Service Archives.

49
 Penrose and Freeman,
Conspiracy of Silence
,
p. 251
.

50
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

51
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

52
 Carter,
Blunt
,
pp. 262
–
3
.

53
 Security Service Archives.

54
 Security Service Archives.

55
 Unpublished memoirs of J. C. Curry, who does not refer explicitly to Burgess's homosexuality,
noting euphemistically instead that ‘there was reason to think that he belonged to a medical category which made him likely to be unstable and unreliable.' Security Service Archives

56
 Blunt was also aware of Krivitsky's (correct) claim, excluded from the report, that Jack Hooper was a former Soviet agent. Security Service Archives.

57
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
pp. 144
–
6
,
161
–
2
,
170
. Few of the reports and MI5 documents provided by Blunt to his Soviet case officers still survive in Russian intelligence archives.

58
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
pp. 159
–
61
.

59
 Hinsley and Simkins,
British Intelligence in the Second World War
, vol. 4,
pp. 36
–
7
,
81
,
appendix 2
.

60
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer and Security Service Archives.

61
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer and Security Service Archives.

62
 Hinsley and Simkins,
British Intelligence in the Second World War
, vol. 4,
pp. 284
–
5
.

63
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer and Security Service Archives.

64
 MI5 to Colonel Allen (GPO), 19 May 1942, TNA KV 2/1177, s. 142b, F2A to Hunter (B6), 1 July 1942, TNA KV 2/1177, s. 143e. F2A note, 12 June 1942, TNA KV 2/1177, s. 144d.

65
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer and Security Service Archives. On Mrs Grist, see below,
pp. 336
–
7
.

66
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer and Security Service Archives.

67
 Security Service Archives.

68
 Blunt's report in KGB archives is undated. West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
pp. 154
–
5
.

69
 Security Service Archives.

70
 Security Service Archives.

71
 
Security Service
,
p. 350
. ‘Note of interview with Oliver Charles Green at Brixton Prison on 11 Aug., 1942', TNA KV 2/2203, s. 69a. On the Green case, see Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security, 1941–1951'.

72
 Chief Constable Birmingham to MI5, 2 Dec. 1935, TNA KV 2/2203, s. 2a.

73
 ‘Oliver Green', 30 Oct. 1942, TNA KV 2/2204, s. 125a.
Security Service
,
p. 362
.

74
 
Security Service
,
p. 350
. ‘Note of interview with Oliver Charles Green at Brixton Prison on 11 Aug., 1942', TNA KV 2/2203, s. 69a. Guy Liddell diary, 11 Aug. 1942, TNA KV 4/190. My analysis of the Green case draws on Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security, 1941–1951'.

75
 ‘Oliver Green', 30 Nov. 1942, TNA KV 2/2204, s. 125a.

76
 ‘K.S. [King Street] microphone conversation between Green and Robson', 7 Oct. 1943, TNA KV 2/2206, s. 4a.

77
 ‘The present state of the Green Case', 19 Oct. 1942, TNA KV 2/2203, s. 10a. M. Johnstone to H.J. Cleeve, 29 Nov. 1942, TNA KV 2/2233, s. 17a. W.J. Skardon ‘Alan Ernest Osborne', 18 March 1953, TNA KV 2/2235, s. 183a. Home Office Warrant on Alonzo Elliott, 4 Feb. 1942, TNA KV 2/2236, s. 20a. ‘Typewritten copy of statement made after caution by Alan Ernest Osborne to C. A. G. Simkins', 15 Dec. 1952, TNA KV 2/2205, s. 265z.

78
 David Clarke, ‘The case of D. F. Springhall', 25 Aug. 1943, TNA KV 2/1596, s. 300a.

79
 
Security Service
,
p. 363
.

80
 ‘Leakage of information from the Air Ministry', 16 June 1943, TNA KV 2/1596, s. 271bc. ‘Court proceedings against Douglas Frank Springhall, ‘Preliminary observations by MI5', 21 June 1943, TNA KV 2/1596. Guy Liddell diary, 17 June, 28 July 1943, TNA KV 4/192. ‘The Springhall case', March 1950, TNA KV 2/1597, s. 388a.

81
 Memo by Edward Cussen (MI5 Legal Adviser), 7 Oct. 1943, TNA KV 2/1598, s. 28a. ‘The Springhall case', March 1950, TNA KV 2/1597, s. 388a. Guy Liddell diary, 1 Nov. 1943, TNA KV 4/192.

82
 Guy Liddell diary, 7 Sept. 1943, TNA KV 4/192.

83
 Ibid., 29 Sept. 1943.

84
 
Security Service
,
p. 357
.

85
 David Clarke, ‘The case of D. F. Springhall', 25 Aug. 1943, TNA KV 2/1596, s. 300a.

86
 Hinsley and Simkins,
British Intelligence in the Second World War
, vol. 4,
pp. 286
–
7
.

87
 Andrew,
Secret Service
,
p. 619
.

88
 David Clarke, ‘Communists engaged on secret work', 21 Oct. 1943, TNA KV 4/251, s. 3a.

89
 
Security Service
,
pp. 346
–
8
.

90
 Hinsley and Simkins,
British Intelligence in the Second World War
, vol. 4,
pp. 287
–
9
. See above,
p. 239
.

91
 Guy Liddell diary, 16 March 1943, TNA KV 4/191.

92
 West and Tsarev,
Crown Jewels
,
pp. 149
–
60
,
168
–
9
.

93
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
pp. 159
–
60
.

94
 Remarkably, the suspicions recurred among some in the Centre at the beginning of the Cold War. In 1948 Modrzhinskaya, still head of the British department, wrote a memorandum concluding that all the Cambridge Five were British deception agents. Lyubimov, ‘Martyr to Dogma',
pp. 278
–
9
. In the middle years of the Cold War, Lyubimov was the KGB's leading British expert. Despite the defection of Philby, Burgess and Maclean to Moscow, he recalls being told even in the Gorbachev era by a former deputy head of KGB counter-intelligence: ‘Philby and that whole crew – it was all a fiendishly clever plant by British intelligence.'

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