Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects (46 page)

trees:
Archaeopteris
,
58
; broadleaf,
115
; cloud forest,
174–75
; dead,
74–75
,
110
; deciduous,
115
; first,
xi
,
57–58
; gingko,
95
; petrified,
117

Triassic: communities,
95
; conifers,
117
; deserts,
151
; dinosaurs,
118–21
,
124
,
150
; Early,
95
; forests,
117
,
129
; insect orders,
122
; Late,
xiii
,
118–27
,
129
,
136
; Middle,
112
; period,
xii
,
111
,
115–29

Triceratops
,
xiii
,
116
,
154
,
166

Trichophycus pedum
,
25–26
,
29

Trichoptera,
99
,
106–8
,
111
,
122

trilobites,
11
,
15
,
17–22
,
21
,
26–27
,
30
,
32–35
,
41
,
45
,
95
,
111
,
114
,
207n4
; age of,
18
,
33
; body forms of,
19
; Cambrian,
19
,
21
; decline of,
33
; Devonian,
54
;
Elrathia
,
21
; extinction of,
32
,
114
; first,
17
; fossils of,
20–22
; frog-eyed,
54
; immature,
34
;
Isotelus
,
34
; last,
18
,
95
,
114
; molting,
43
; molting process of,
34
; planktonic,
27
; predatory,
34
,
173
; Silurian,
38–39
;
species diversity of,
29
,
32
,
54
; tracks of,
19

trophallaxis,
148
,
164

trophamnion,
142–43

tropical forests,
xiv
,
1
,
15
,
42
,
129
,
183
,
203n1
(ch. 1); cloud,
66
,
171
; complexity of,
173
; dry,
pl. 1
; rain,
3
,
42
; wet,
73
,
81

true bugs,
xiv
,
11
,
95
,
118
,
122
,
126–27

true flies,
xiv
,
118
,
122

true insects,
68–69
,
204n4
(ch. 4)

turtles,
118

twisted-wing parasites,
11

Tyrannosaurus
,
xiii
,
34
,
116
,
133–36
,
154
,
166–69

ultraviolet radiation,
42
,
49–50

universe,
185
,
187–88
,
190

Varanger ice age,
24
,
208n15

variation,
7
,
177
,
191

vascular system,
75
,
102–3

veins,
71
,
79
,
81
,
106

Velociraptor
,
133–35
,
209n3

venoms: paralyzing,
140–41
,
145
,
161
,
179
; scorpion,
43
; wasp,
138–40
,
142
,
145
,
160
,
167

ventilation,
107

vertebrates,
18
,
19
,
28–29
,
32
,
53
,
55
,
73
,
75–76
,
80
,
94
,
118
,
120
,
122
,
129–30
,
149
,
151
,
173
,
205n12
; ancestor of,
18
; biomass of,
3
,
128
; families of,
94
; flying,
85
; species of,
3
,
10
; terrestrial,
37

viruses,
142
,
210n7

vitamins,
120
,
208n4

volcanoes,
24
,
57
,
96–97
,
112–13
,
117
,
168
,
190
,
207n5
,
212n11

walking sticks,
118
,
122–23
,
123
,
131
,
157

warm-bloodedness,
94
,
111
,
133
,
206n2

wasps,
11
,
74–75
,
118
,
122
,
128–29
,
151
,
156
,
183
; dryinid,
161
; euphorine,
176
,
179
; fairyfly,
13
; hyperdiversity of,
xiv
,
11
;
Ilatha
,
184
; long-tailed,
192
; megalyrid,
130
,
139
; Mesozoic,
136
; microscopic,
13
,
103
;
Napo
,
178
,
213–14n5
;
Neoneurus
,
13
; nest-provisioning,
128
,
160–62
; parasitic,
10
,
117
,
135–36
,
138–46
,
139
,
151
,
176–80
; social,
15
,
117
,
128
,
162
,
164
,
167
,
176
; solitary,
160–62
; stinging,
128
,
137
,
160–63
; wood,
135–37
; ypsistocerine,
1

waste: larval,
106
,
143
; nitrogen,
84
,
106
; products,
26
,
30

water,
x
,
174
,
176
; bears,
22
; boatmen,
4
; excess,
102
; lilies,
156–57
; loss,
37
; striders,
3
,
59
,
126
; vapor,
188

wax,
162
,
183

webspinners,
1
,
11
,
118
,
122
,
124
,
125

weevils,
xiii
,
10

white-legged millipede,
31

Wilson, Edward O.,
1
,
2
,
154
,
183

wing: base,
88
; buds,
71
,
76
,
104
; development,
104
; flexing,
113
; origins,
77–80
; patterns,
78
,
82–85
,
83
; pigments,
84
; tracheae,
80
; twisting,
88–89
; veins,
71
,
79
,
81
,
106

winglessness,
67–68
,
76
,
100
,
162
,
175

winglets,
77
,
79

wings,
xi
,
14
,
60
,
69–73
,
76–90
,
104–5
,
116
,
176
,
190
; beetle,
109
; earliest,
81–82
,
175
,
181
; fringed,
103
; sound-producing,
78
,
122

wood,
74–75
,
107
,
109
; borers,
xii–xiii
,
74–75
,
109
,
120
; dead,
90
,
110
,
138
; pulp,
162
; roaches,
75
,
90
,
110
,
147
; wasps,
135–38

wood-boring beetles,
xii–xiii
,
74–75
,
109
,
120
,
135
,
138
,
179

woody: debris,
175
; shrubs,
156
; tissues,
50

worms,
19
,
26
,
30
,
43
,
46
,
58
,
176

Wyoming,
14
,
115
; Bighorn Basin,
20
; Como Bluff,
131
,
133
; Laramie Valley,
130
; Medicine Bow,
131
; Shoshoni,
17
; snakeflies,
127
, Thermopolis,
18
; willow bogs,
116
; Wind River Canyon,
17