Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects (41 page)
Read Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects Online
Authors: Scott Richard Shaw
diplopods,
46
diversity,
181
; arthropod,
29
; dinosaur,
121
; insect,
1–3
,
5
,
94
,
121
,
180–82
; ordinal,
94
,
206n3
; plant,
192
dobsonflies,
118
,
122
,
124–25
,
pl. 9
dragonflies,
11
,
79–81
,
84–87
,
99
,
107
; immature,
93
ecdysal suture,
34
echinoderms,
27
ecological species concept,
6–7
ecosystems: coral reef,
38–40
,
54
; marine,
59
,
95
; modern,
2
,
95
; terrestrial,
xiv
,
35
,
51
,
56
,
80
,
135
,
191
; tropical forest,
15
,
173
Ecuador,
66
,
101
,
185
,
pl. 2–3
,
pl. 5–12
eggs,
61
; amphibian,
87
; bee,
162
; beetle,
74
; dobsonfly,
125
; dragonfly,
86
; insect,
106
,
179
; mayfly,
73
; parasitic,
142
; sawfly,
117
; scorpion,
43–45
; snakefly,
127
; wasp,
128
,
137–42
,
160
,
164
,
179–80
elytron,
109
emergences, synchronized,
71
,
73
,
121
emergence sites,
78
environment,
37
; predator-free,
87
Ephedra antisyphilitica
,
156–57
epidemics,
167
era: Cenozoic,
xiv
,
18
,
96
; Mesozoic,
xii
,
18
,
96
,
169
; Paleozoic,
17–18
,
27
,
54–55
,
96
; Precambrian,
55
evolution: animal,
70
; aquatic insect,
107
; bird,
149–51
; of crypsis,
122
; flower,
155–57
; of humans,
38
,
154
,
166
,
169
,
171–72
; insect,
14–15
,
50
,
59
,
89
,
150–51
; of insect flight,
77–80
; of life,
40
,
59
,
189
; planetary,
188
; plant,
63
,
151
,
181
; rapid,
25
,
112
; of shells,
26
; social wasp,
165
; stellar,
189
; wasp,
145–46
evolutionary species concept,
6–7
excretion,
84
,
145
,
166
; byproducts of,
84
,
190
; delayed,
143
; organs of,
60
,
106
; rapid,
102
external skeletons,
x
,
11
,
16
,
20
,
27–29
,
31
,
37
,
87
,
93
,
181
,
190–91
extinction,
xiii
,
2
,
5
,
15
,
17
,
56
,
95
,
111–12
,
122
,
150
,
154
,
173
,
182
; Cretaceous,
101
,
168–69
; crisis,
182–85
; dinosaur,
166–69
; mass,
23
,
59
,
69
,
91–92
,
94
; Permian,
96–99
,
101
,
104–5
,
108
,
111–14
,
117
,
166
,
206n3
; of trilobites,
32
extinct orders,
xii
,
80–87
,
83
,
86
,
86
,
98
,
98–100
,
105
,
110–11
,
122
,
205n5
,
205n11
,
205n13
,
206n2
extraterrestrial life,
188–93
eyes,
59
eye spots,
pl. 12
families: insect,
10
; vertebrate,
94
fear,
43
feathers,
28
,
116
,
122
,
149–51
,
176
ferns,
ix
,
48
,
73
,
90
,
95
,
108
,
117
,
124
,
129
,
134
,
151
,
175–76
,
206n15
filter chamber,
102
fishes,
3
,
18
,
28
,
32
,
34–35
,
37–38
,
41
,
43
,
73
,
76
,
87
,
90
,
120
,
125
,
173
; age of,
17
,
55
; armor-plated,
38
; Devonian,
54–56
; families of,
33
; first,
32–33
; freshwater,
38
,
73
,
87
,
120
,
204n2
;
Hyneria
,
55
; jawed,
38
; jawless,
33
,
38
,
73
,
87
; predatory,
55
; Silurian,
43
flies,
1
,
11
,
89
,
151
,
156–57
,
169
,
183
,
191
; alkali,
4
; bat,
13
,
13
,
181
; bee,
157
; biting,
3
; blood-sucking,
13
,
167
; brine,
3
,
59
; chironomid midge,
4
; crane,
10
; deer,
3
; flightless,
3
; flower,
152
; flower-loving,
157
; fruit,
ix
; fungus gnat,
179
; house,
5
; hyperdiversity of,
xiv
; midge,
1
,
3
; nematoceran,
108
; parasitic,
13
,
136
,
181
; seaweed,
3
; shore,
3
; tangle-winged,
157
; tipulid,
4
,
10
; true,
xiv
,
108
,
122
flight,
14
,
69–73
,
76–90
; beetle,
109
; bird,
149–50
; gliding,
77
,
79–80
,
149
,
204n3
(ch. 5),
205n9
; insect,
157
flowering plants,
2
,
15
,
103
,
117
,
121
,
155–57
,
169
,
173
,
180–81
flowers,
xiii
,
5
,
57
,
115–16
,
153–58
,
165
,
168–69
,
176
; evolution of,
154
; first,
152
food: acquisition,
xii
; liquid,
102
; webs,
149
footprints: arthropod,
40
; historic,
36
forests: Carboniferous,
73–75
,
77
,
81
,
90
,
176
; cloud,
66
; Cretaceous,
154–55
; Devonian,
57–58
,
69
; Ecuadorian,
22
; first,
51
,
54
,
57
; Gilboa,
57
,
67
; Jurassic,
132
; rain,
ix
,
82
,
84
,
90
; Triassic,
117–18
,
129
; tropical,
1
,
3
,
15
; wet,
ix
,
73
,
81
fossil: burrows,
25–26
; butterfly,
159
; dragonfly,
119
; evidence,
37
; footprints,
29
; largest wing,
86
; oldest insect,
68
; record,
22
,
108
,
157
,
182
; tracks,
40
fossilization,
22
,
59
,
75
,
108
,
117
,
176
fossils,
20
,
22
,
48
,
95
; amber,
139
,
161
; Cambrian,
25
; compression,
82
; early shelly,
26
; hard-shell,
26
; insect,
82
,
83
,
131
; living,
42
; plant,
48
,
82
,
156
; small shelly,
26
; spore,
82
,
205n11
; state,
22
,
38–40
,
54
,
57
; trace,
25
,
29
; trilobite,
20–22
,
54
freshwater,
38
,
73
,
87
,
97
,
99
,
106
,
204n2
,
206n16
froghoppers,
102
fullerenes,
113
fungi,
ix
,
5–6
,
47
,
49
,
58
,
67
,
74–75
,
104
,
109–10
,
138
,
148
,
154
,
163
,
176
,
192
,
203n2
(ch. 3)
fungus gnats,
179
Galileo
spacecraft,
215n1
genetic drift,
24
genitalia: of insects,
60
; scorpionfly,
105