Pakistan: A Hard Country (84 page)

13 Tan Tai Yong, The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 – 1947 (Sage Publications, Lahore, 2005), p. 26.

14 Quoted in Rizvi, Military, State and Society in Pakistan, p. 62.

15 Zahid Hussain, ‘Kayani Spel s out Terms for Regional Stability’, Dawn.com, 2 February 2010.

16 Interview with the author, Lahore, 2/8/2009.

17 Nawaz, Crossed Swords, pp. 570 – 71.

18 As Abida Husain once remarked to me, ‘Al our military capos have been personal y pleasant, unassuming people, easy to get on with – very different from many of our politicians with their arrogance and edginess. Probably this is something to do with the democracy of the officers’ mess, and not seeming to be too clever. Zia was the cleverest of them al , but got where he did precisely by pretending to be stupid.’

19 Stephen M. Lyon, An Anthropological Analysis of Local Politics and Patronage in a Pakistani Village (Edwin Mel en, Lewiston, NY, 2004), p. 2. Things were just the same in Europe in the past.

Nonetheless, the Pakistani (and Indian) style of deference to superiors can become a little tiresome to modern Western ears, and certainly does not encourage the free exchange of ideas. A typical telephone conversation between an inferior and superior in the bureaucracy or any political party goes ‘Ji Sir, ji Sir, ji ... Bilkul [absolutely] Sir, bilkul, bilkul ... Sain [right] Sir, sain ... Yes, Sir, yes ...’ Sometimes the inferiors run out of breath altogether and are reduced to little orgasmic gasps of deference and submission, until you want to slap both parties over the head with alternate volumes of Das Kapital.

20 Interview with the author, Karachi, 1/5/2009.

21 Interview with the author, Rawalpindi, 9/10/2001.

22 This is derived from Aristotle via Hegel, though somewhat misrepresents both.

23 Z. A. Bhutto, Foreign Policy of Pakistan (Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, Karachi, 1964), p. 13.

24 Ibid.

25 For a smal example of the inflexible mindset of many Pakistani soldiers concerning Kashmir, see an article in the Pakistan military’s monthly magazine, Hilal, of August 2009: Colonel Dr Muhammad Javed, ‘Kashmir: An Unfinished Agenda of Partition’.

26 Interview with the author, Islamabad, 4/8/2008.

27 Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba (Columbia University Press, New York, 2010).

28 Hafiz Abdul Salam bin Muhammad, ‘Jihad in the Present Time’, http://web.archive.org/web/20030524100347/www.markazdawa.org.

29 Tankel, Storming the World Stage.

30 Nawaz, Crossed Swords, p. 551.

31 Mark Fitzpatrick (ed.), Nuclear Black Markets: Pakistan, A. Q.

Khan and the Rise of Proliferation Networks (ISS, London, 2007), p.

116.

6 POLITICS

1 Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (Macmil an, London, 1970), p. 2.

2 Sir Wil iam Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official (1844; reprinted Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1980), p.

238.

3 Interview with the author, Jhang, 5/10/2002.

4 On Akram Khan Alizai; Mountstuart Elphinstone, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul (1819; reprinted Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 1998), vol.

I , p. 285.

5 Interview with the author, Islamabad, 3/11/1990.

6 Interview with the author, Karachi, 23/10/1990.

7 Iqbal Akhund, Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2000), p. 135.

8 Interview with the author, Gujrat, 9/11/1988.

9 Interview with the author, Islamabad, 10/12/1988.

10 Readers may have noticed one inevitable omission, which did not even begin to approach the subconscious depths of our conversation and which I certainly wasn’t going to drag to the surface – namely, the idea that she might use a vacuum-cleaner herself.

11 Interview with the author, Jhang, 5/10/2002.

12 Interview with the author, Rawalpindi, 17/7/2009.

13 This may be apocryphal. I have heard it repeated many times, but have never been able to track down the original.

14 Interview with the author, Mirpur Bhutto, 24/4/2009. On the other hand, he had used almost exactly the same words to me twenty years earlier, and not a great deal appears to have changed in the meantime as far as wadero power in Sindh is concerned.

15 Gazetteer of the Attock District (Government Printing, Lahore, 1930; reprinted Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 2003), p. 95.

16 Akhund, Trial and Error, p. 53.

17 Interview with the author, Shikarpur, 15/11/1990.

18 As I wrote in my notebook while accompanying Abida Husain, an elderly ‘feudal’ from a Shia pir family in Jhang, in baking heat, during the 2002 elections: ‘These feudal politicians are not spoiled aristocrats. Some can show iron discipline when politics requires. I’m lounging in my seat half asleep, with flies settling on my nose, kept awake only by the state of my bladder. This is the eighth meeting we’ve been to and there she is, bolt upright on the platform for the past hour, looking cool as a cucumber, completely attentive to what the audience is saying.’

19 Mosharraf Zaidi, ‘When the News Becomes News’, The News, Karachi, 5 January 2010.

20 Interview with the author, Karachi 17/4/2009.

21 Interview with the author, Karachi, 3/10/1990.

22 Interview with the author, Islamabad 4/12/1988.

23 Maqsood Jafri, The Ideals of Bhutto (privately published, 2002), pp. 55, 59.

24 Special supplement ‘honouring anniversary of birth of Shaheed Z.

A. Bhutto’, Pakistan Times, 5 January 1990.

25 Interview with the author, Karachi, 2/10/1990.

26 For accounts of these cases, see Human Rights Watch, World Report 2009, Pakistan section, pp. 290 – 91; Asian Human Rights Commission statement of 4 March 2009: ‘Order an honour kil ing – become a minister’; Rubina Saigol, ‘Women and Democracy’, Dawn News, 3 December 2008; ‘Sindh High Court Adjourns Saira Jatoi’s Case’, Daily Times, 30 October 2008; Hasan Mansoor, ‘Pakistani couple married for love, hiding in fear of tribal justice’, Hindustan Times, 11 June 2009.

27 Interview with the author, Karachi, 3/5/2009.

28 Interview with the author, Lahore, 30/12/2008.

29 Interview with the author, Lahore, 2/8/2009.

30 ‘Pak government should hold talks with Taliban’, Dawn.com, 3 July 2010.

31 ‘C. M. Shahbaz Wants Taliban to Spare Punjab’, Dawn.com, 15

March 2010.

32 Interview with the author, Karachi, 17/4/2009.

33 Interview with the author, Karachi, 3/5/2009.

34 Iftikhar H. Malik, ‘Ethno-Nationalism in Pakistan: A Commentary on the Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz (MQM) in Sindh’, South Asia Bulletin, 18 (2) (1995), p. 44.

35 Interview with the author, Karachi, 3/5/2009.

36 Oskar Verkaaik, Migrants and Militants: ‘Fun’ and Urban Violence in Pakistan (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004), p. 62.

7 PUNJAB

1 Bapsi Sidhwa, The Bride (Futura, London, 1984), p. 19.

2 According to this award the al ocation of revenue was divided up according to the fol owing criteria: population, 82.00%; poverty, 10.30%; revenue, 5.00%; IPD (Inverse Population Density) 2.70%.

See www.einfopedia.com/nfc-award-national-finance-commission-award-of-pakistan.php.

3 Quoted in Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia (Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2008), p. 41.

4 See, for example, Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870 – 1914 (Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1976).

5 The names are imaginary.

6 Moni Mohsin, Diary of a Social Butterfly (Random House, Karachi, 2009).

7 Figures in Ian Talbot, ‘The Punjabization of Pakistan: Myth or Reality?’, in Christophe Jaffrelot (ed.), Pakistan: Nation, Nationalism and the State (Vanguard, Lahore, 2005), p. 56.

8 Figures in J. Briscoe and U. Qamar, Pakistan’s Water Economy: Running Dry (Oxford University Press, Oxford, and the World Bank, Washington, DC, 2006); and ‘World Bank Report on Pakistan’s Water Resources’, Daily Times, Lahore, 18 January 2006.

9 Chaudhury Shujaat Hussain, interview with the author, Gujrat, 9/11/1988.

10 ‘Meat is very seldom eaten except by the better class, and except on occasions of rejoicing or by way of hospitality’, Gazetteer of the Multan District 1923 – 24 (Government Printing, Lahore, 1926; reprinted Sang-e-Meel, Lahore 2001), p. 129.

11 Interview with the author, Faisalabad, 14/1/2009.

12 Gazetteer of the Multan District, p. 121.

8 SINDH

1 Kamila Shamsie, Kartography (Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2003), p. 259.

2 Samina Altaf, ‘Public Health, Clean Water and Pakistan: Why We Are Not There Yet’, in Michael Kugelman and Robert M. Hathaway (eds), Running on Empty: Pakistan’s Water Crisis (Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC, 2009).

3 Captain Leopold von Orlich, Travels in India; quoted in H. T. Sorley, Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit: A Study of Literary, Social and Economic Conditions in 18th Century Sind (Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984), p. 95.

4 Sarah Ansari, Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843

– 1947 (Vanguard Books, Lahore, 1992), p. 22.

5 Oskar Verkaaik, A People of Migrants: Ethnicity, State and Religion in Karachi, Comparative Asian Studies, 15 (VU University Press, Amsterdam, 1994), p. 47.

6 Feroz Ahmed, ‘Ethnicity and Politics: The Rise of Muhajir Separatism’, South Asia Bulletin, 8 (1988), pp. 37 – 8.

7 Interview with the author, Karachi, 28/4/2009.

8 Interview with the author, Karachi, 28/4/2009.

9 Interview with the author, Karachi, 29/4/2009.

10 Interview with the author, Karachi, 30/4/2009.

11 Interview with the author, Mirpur Bhutto, 17/4/2009.

12 Interview with the author, Hyderabad, 20/4/2009.

9 BALOCHISTAN

1 District Gazetteers of Balochistan, 1906 (ed. and compiled by Mansoor Bokhari), 2 vols (reprinted Gosha-e-Adab, Quetta, 1997), vol.

I , p. 1028.

2 ‘Balochistan Militants Kil ing Teachers’, report by Human Rights Watch, issued 13/12/2010 at

http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/12/13/pakistanbalochistan-militants-kil ing-teachers.

3 District Gazetteers of Balochistan, vol. I, p. 128.

4 Ibid., p. 102.

5 Ibid., vol. I , p. 994.

6 Sylvia Matheson, The Tigers of Balochistan (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1967), pp. 1 – 3.

7 Paul Titus, ‘Whither the Tigers?’, Introduction to the 1995 edition of The Tigers of Balochistan by Sylvia Matheson, p. 25.

8 Matheson, Tigers, p. 204.

9 Ibid., p. 48.

10 See ‘A Statement by the Asian Human Rights Commission’, 4

March 2009 (at www.humanrightsblog.org/pakistan).

11 Quoted in Human Rights Watch World Report, 2009, pp. 290 – 1.

12 Interview with the author, Quetta, 12/8/2009.

13 Interview with the author, Quetta, 16/8/2009.

14 Interview with the author, Miangundi, Balochistan, 14/8/2009.

15 District Gazetteers, vol. I , p. 1001.

16 See also Brigadier (retd) Tughral Yamin, ‘Chamalang: Winning Hearts and Minds’, Hilal (Pakistan armed forces magazine), May 2009.

17 http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/06/06/reko-diq-mystery.

18 Interview with the author, Quetta, 15/8/2009.

10 THE PATHANS

1 Khushal Khan Khattak, translated by Sir Olaf Caroe, in Caroe, The Pathans (1958; reprinted Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006), p.

238.

2 For an explanation of why I have chosen to use the Hindustani name (taken over by the British) ‘Pathan’ to describe this people, rather than ‘Pakhtun’ or ‘Pashtun’ (depending on which Pathan dialect you are using), see the Introduction, p. 22.

3 T. L. Pennel and Earl Roberts, Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier: A Record of Sixteen Years’ Close Intercourse with the Natives of the Indian Marches (1908; reprinted Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, MT, 2005).

4 Report on Waziristan and its Tribes (Punjab Government Press, 1901, republished by Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2005), p. 9.

5 See Brian Robson, Crisis on the Frontier: The Third Afghan War and the Campaign in Waziristan, 1919 – 20 (Spel mount, Staplehurst, 2004), p. xiii. ‘Butcher and Bolt’ was also taken by the BBC

correspondent David Loyn as the title of his book on outside interventions in Afghanistan and its borderlands, published in 2008.

6 Juma Khan Sufi, Bacha Khan, Congress and Nationalist Politics in NWFP (Vanguard Books, Lahore, 2005), pp. 1 – 2.

7 Quoted in Ahmad Hasan Dani, Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier (Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2002), p. 172.

8 Interview with the author, Peshawar, 24/8/2008.

9 Joshua T. White, Pakistan’s Islamist Frontier: Islamic Politics and US Policy in Pakistan’s North-West Frontier (Centre on Faith and International Affairs, Washington, DC, 2007), p. 39.

10 Interview with the author, Peshawar, 21/7/2009.

11 Interview with the author, Peshawar, 26/8/2008.

11 THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN

1 Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans (1958; reprinted Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006), p. 300.

2 Abdul Salam Zaeef, My Life with the Taleban, ed. Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn (Hurst & Co., London, 2010), pp. 21 – 80.

3 Interview with the Indian Observer online, 16/11/2009, at www.observerindia.com.

4 Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (Free Press, New York, 2006), p. 201.

5 Seymour Hersh, ‘The Getaway’, New Yorker, 28 January 2002; Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: How the War against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia (Al en Lane, London, 2008), pp. 91 – 3.

6 Text of speech at

transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/12/smn.21.html.

7 Meeting with the media and experts in London, 28/1/2008 (my notes).

8 Matt Waldman, ‘The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan’s ISI and Afghan Insurgents’, Discussion Paper no. 18, Crisis States Discussion Papers, London School of Economics, June 2010.

9 Report on Waziristan and its Tribes (Punjab Government Press, 1901; reprinted Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2005), p. 22.