Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (55 page)

119. Weinberg, World atArms, 351.

120. Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 497 (July 27,1942), "Joint German-Italian Declaration in Respect of Egypt."

121. Grobba,"JudensinddieDrahtzieherderAmerikaner;'Berlin(July2,1942),PAAAR6o69o, Kult Pol, Orient. Juden um Roosevelt, 1941-42, Bd. 1.

122. On the Nazi attack on Roosevelt, see Herf, Jewish Enemy.

123. Berlin in Arabic, July 18, 730 p.m., "Roosevelt and Weizmann Hold a Meeting;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 529 (August 4,1942), 4.

124. The Arab Nation, July 20,1942, "U.S.A. and Jews versus Arabs;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 529 (August 4, 1942), 9.

125. Berlin in Arabic, July 29,1942,7:30 p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 537 (August 8,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... July 24 to 30,1942,14, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02, box 77.

126. Bari in Arabic, August 4,1942, 8:00 p.m., "Russia;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 547 (August 16,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... July 31 to August 6,1942,14, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02, box 77.

127. Berlin in Arabic, August 5,1942,7:30 p.m., "The Axis and the Moslems," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 547, 16.

128. Bari in Arabic, August 10, 1942, 8:00 p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 559 (August 21, 1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... August 7 to 13,1942, 9, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02, box 77.

129. VFA, July 29,1942, 9:15 p.m., "The B.B.C.," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 537 (August 8, 1942), 16-17.

130. VFA, August 6,1942,7:30 p.m., "Britain and Islam," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 547 (August 16,1942), 22.

131. "The Atlantic Charter;" on the Web site of the Avalon Project of Yale Law School, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/atlantic.htm.

132. VFA, August 15,1942,8:15 p.m., "Atlantic Charter," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 574, Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... August 14 to 20,1942, Cairo (August 27,1942), 8, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55,1942, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02, box 77.

133. Wuster toNeurath,"ImAnschlu13anDrahterlai3Nr.61vom30.6.42," Berlin (July 15,1942), PAAA R6o748.

134. Generalkonsul Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12,1942), PAAA R6o65o.

135. Kapp to Neurath,Afrikakorps,"Nr.61,June 1942;'Berlin (June 30,1942),PAAAR6o65o.

136. "Aufruf an die Arabische Jugend," in Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12, 1942), PAAA R6o650.

137. "Grenzen des neuen zionistischen Konigsreich;" Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12,1942), PAAA R6o65o.

138. "Das Neue Konigreich;" Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12,1942), PAAA R6o65o.

139. "Hitler empfangt ... Kailani... " Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12, 1942), PAAA R6o65o.

140. "Agypten den Agyptern,"Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12,1942), PAAA R6o65o.

141. "0 Agypten,"Wuster, Informationsabteilung, Berlin (August 12,1942), PAAA R6o65o.

142. Bari in Arabic, August 21,1942, "American Intentions," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 583, Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... August 21 to 27,1942, Cairo (September 1,1942),1, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55, 815.4-820.02,1942, entry 241o box 77. For a subsequent attack on "the old and sick Roosevelt," see VFA, September 8, 1942, 8:15 p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 604, Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... September 4 to 10, 1942, 7, Cairo (September 14, 1942), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55, 815.4-820.02,1942, entry 2410, box 77.

143. Ibid.

144. VFA, September 10, 1942,10:15 p.m., "Mr. Wilkie's Speech;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 616, Cairo (September 22,1942) Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... September it to 17,1942,2o, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.00-822.00, entry 2410, box 93.

145. "Aufzeichnung ohne Unterschrift: Notiz fur den Fuhrer;' Fuschl (September 7, 1942), ADAP, 1918-1945, SerieD: 1937-1945, Bd. 3,16Juni bis 3o September 1942,462-64.

146. Berlin in Arabic, September 16,1942,7:30 p.m. "Marginal News," Kirk to Secretary of State, No, 616, Cairo (September 22,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... September it to 17,1942, 22, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55, 815.4-820.02,1942, entry 2410, box 77.

147. "Hull Scores Vichy Action: Vichy Action to be Sharply Condemned," New York Times (September 3,1942), 4.

148. Berlin in Arabic, September 16,1942,10:30 p.m., "The Jews;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 616, Cairo (September 22,1942), 23.

149. VFA, September 30,1942, 9:15 p.m., "The Jews," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 643, Cairo (October 7, 1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... September 25 to 30, 1942, 20-21, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55,815.4-820.02,1942, entry 2410, box 77.

150. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Ministry of Information, Overseas Planning Committee, "Plan of Propaganda for Egypt, Appreciation. Paper 126" (August 19,1942), NA, FO 371/31569, Egypt and Sudan File No. 18, 13599.

On Egyptian views critical of Fascist Italy, see Israel Gershoni, "Egyptian Liberalism in an Age of `Crisis of Orientation': Al-Risala's Reaction to Fascism and Nazism, 1933-39," International Journal of Middle East Studies 31 (1999): 551-76; and Beyond Anti-Semitism: Egyptian Responses to German Nazism and Italian Fascism in the 1930s (Fiesole, Italy: European University Institute, 2001).

151. Lockhart, "Plan of Propaganda for Egypt, Appreciation. Paper 127;" n.d., J3599,5.

152. Ibid., 2.

153. Ibid., 3.

154. See "`Exekutivemafnahmen gegenuber der Zivilbevolkerung in eigener Verantwortung': Das Einstazkommando bei der Panzerarmee Afrika," in Mallmann and Cuppers, Halbmond and Hakenkreuz, 137-48.

155. Colonel Frederick O. Sharp and Captain Lawrence C. Thaw, Military Intelligence Division W.D.G.S, Report No. 5372, "Attitude of the Moslem World toward the United Nations" (August 15, 1942), NACP RG 165, MID, Regional File, 1922-44, Egypt, entry 77, box 752, folder 3800.

156. Ibid., 2-3.

157. Ibid., 4.

158. Ibid., 4.

159. Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 640, "Comment on Axis Broadcasts in Arabic with Particular Reference to Items Concerning Egypt;" 6, Cairo (October 3,1942), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

160. Ibid., 3.

161. The Arab Nation, September 18, 6:0o p.m., "Comments on the Rector of El Azhar's Appeal," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 639, Cairo (October 3,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... September 18 to 24,1942, 5, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55, 815.4- 820.02,1942, entry 2410, box 77.

162. VFA, September 18, 1942, 8:15 p.m., "El Azhar;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 639, Cairo (October 3,1942), 2.

163. Kilani, like his comrade and rival Husseini, also met with Hitler but did so later, on July 15, 1942. See Ernst Woermann, "Aufzeichnung des Unterstaatssekretars Woermann," Berlin (July 14, 1942), ADAP, 1918-1945, Serie D: 1937-1945, Bd. 3,16 Juni bis 30 September 1942 (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1974),152-53.

164. Bari in Arabic, September 19, 1942, 8:00 p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 639, Cairo (October 3, 1942), 5.

165. On this, see Milan Hauner, The Place of India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981); and T. R. Sateen, Subhas Chandra Bose and Nazi Germany (New Delhi: Mounto Pub. House, 1996).

166. Berlin in Arabic, September 25,1942,10:30 p.m., Kirk, No. 643 (October 7,1942), 1.

167. The Arab Nation, October 13,1942, 6:30 p.m., "No Cooperation between Arabs and Jews," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 666, Cairo (October 27,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 9 to 15,1942,15-16, 21-22, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records 1936-55, entry 2410, 1942,815.4-820.02, box 77.

168. Berlin in Arabic, October 14,1942,7:30 p.m., "America and Imperialism;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 666 (October 27,1942), 23.

169. Berlin in Arabic, October 19,1942, 9:30 p.m., "Speech of the Jewish Leader Weizmann;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 671, Cairo (October 31,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 16 to 22,1942, 9, NACP RG84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.00-822.00, entry 2410,1943, box 77.

170. VFA, October 19,1942,10:15 P.M., "The Jewish Threat," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 671, Cairo (October 31,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 16 to 22,1942, io-11, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.00-822.00, entry 2410,1943, box 77.

171. VFA, October 20,1942,10x5 p.m., "American Greed," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 671 (October 31,1942),13-15.

172. VFA, October 22,1942, 6:00 p.m., "The Americans Are Worse Than the British;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 671 (October 31,1942),19-20.

173. Berlin in Arabic, October 2,1942,7:30 p.m., "Rommel," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 660, Cairo (October 21,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 2 to 8,1942,1, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records 1936-55,1942, entry 2410,815.4-820.02, box 77.

174. Weinberg, World atArms, 361.

175. Ibid., 431-47.

176. Athens in Arabic, October 27,1942, "Imperialist and Dollar America," 8:00 p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 692, Cairo (November 11, 1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 23 to 29,1942,18-19, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4- 820.02,1942, box 77.

177. Bari in Arabic, October 30,1942, "Friday Talk: Zionism Welcomes the American Forces," 8:0o p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 699 (November 18,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 30 to November 5,1942, 3, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

178. The Arab Nation, October 30,1942, 6:00 p.m. "The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Balfour Promise;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 699 (November 18,1942),14•

179. VFA, October 30,1942, 8:15 p.m., "Palestine," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 699 (November 18,1942),14-15.

180. The Arab Nation, November 8,1942, 6:00 p.m., "New Aggression by the Anglo-Saxons on the Arab Moslem Countries," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 710, Cairo (November 21,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... November 6 to November 12,1942," 13-14, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

181. Bari in Arabic, November 11, 1942, 8:00 p.m., "Arab Unity against the Anglo-Saxons," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 710 (November 21,1942), 26

182. Bari in Arabic, November 11,1942,11:00 p.m., "The Grand Mufti's Speech," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 710 (November 21,1942), 23.

183. Bari in Arabic, November 14,1942, 8:00 p.m., "The Mufti's Speech," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 722, Cairo (November 27,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... November 13 to 19,1942," 56, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

184. On the intersection of Hitler's politics, strategy, and propaganda in North Africa, see Norman J. W. Goda, Tomorrow the World: Hitler, NorthwestAfrica and the Path to America (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1998).

185. Berlin in Arabic, November 16,1942,8:30 P.M., "General Eisenhower and the Jews," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 710,15.

186. Berlin in Arabic, November 18,1942,"The Jews and the Arabs of North Africa," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 710 (November 21,1942), 24.

187. VFA, November 21,1942,8:15 p.m., "The Arabs and the War;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 737, Cairo (December 6,1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... November 20 to 26,1942,1, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02, box 77.

188. Bari in Arabic, November 25,1942, 8:00 p.m., "Grand Mufti of Palestine's Declaration," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 737 (December 6,1942), 20.

189. Berlin in Arabic, November 26,1942, 6:30 p.m., "The Grand Mufti," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 737 (December 6,1942), 23.

190. VFA, November 26,1942, 6:15 p.m., "Roosevelt and the Jews," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 737 (December 6,1942), 24.

191. The Arab Nation, November 29,1942, 6:0o p.m., "North Africa Will Bea Bridge between Two Jewish Capitals, Jerusalem and NewYork," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 751, Cairo (December 11, 1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... November 27 to December 3, 9, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410,815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

192. VFA, December 11,1942, "Roosevelt and the Jews," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 773, Cairo (December 11, 1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... to December 11 to 17,1942, 4, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

193. VFA, December 12, 1942, "Jews," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 773 (December 11, 1942), 8.

194. "Allies Condemn Nazi War Crimes on Jews, United Nations Issue [sic] Joint Declaration of Protest on `Cold-Blooded Extermination,"' New York Times, December 19,1942,1.

195. VFA, December 17,1942, "The Jews Give Orders and the Allies Obey," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 773 (December 11, 1942), S.

196. OWI, Overseas Operations Branch, Washington, D.C., "Weekly Propaganda Directive, Palestine" (November 14,1942), NACP RG 165, MID, Regional File, 1922-44, Palestine, entry 77, box 2719, folder 2930.

197. Berlin in Arabic, 7:30 P.M. (October 23,1942), "Enclosure No.1 to Despatch No. 692 of November 11, 1942 from the American Legation at Cairo, Egypt," Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 692 (November 11, 1942), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 23 to 29,1942, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy: General Records, 1936-55, entry 2410, 815.4-820.02,1942, box 77.

198. Ibid., 2.

199. Ibid., 3.

200. The exchange of letters between Kilani and Gross was broadcast on Berlin in Arabic, October 24,1942,7:3o and 8:30 p.m., Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 692 (October 23,1942), 2-3.

201. "Wetzel, Rassenpolitisches Amt an das Auswartiges Amt, in Februar 1942," PAAA R99175, "Inland Partei Akten, Umgang fremdrassiger Auslander mit deutschen M5dchen,1941-1943."