Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (59 page)

72. Berlin in Arabic, April 24,1944,7:30 p.m., "Palestine and British Labour Party," J. E. Jacobs (charge d'affaires and interim) to Secretary of State, No. 1823, Cairo (May 9, 1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... April 22 to 28,1944, 6-7, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 193655, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112. Attacks on the Labour Party for its support of a Jewish state in Palestine and claims that it was dominated by Jews and was hostile to Arabs were repeated in other broadcasts that spring. See Berlin in Arabic, June 13,1944,10:30 p.m., "British Labour Party and the Arabs," S. Pinkney Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 17, Cairo (June 19,1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... June 1o to 16, 1944, 4-5, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

73. Berlin in Arabic, April 24,1944,7:30 p.m., "Britain, U.S.A. and Arab World;" Jacobs to Secretary of State, No. 1823 (May 9, 1944) 7.

74. VFA, March 14,1944, "Rabbi Wise's Answer to Nahas Pasha;" Kirk to Secretary of State, No. 1685 (March 20,1944), 7-8.

75. Duncan McBryde and Virgil Jackson, "Enemy Broadcasts in Arabic Language (2o Feb-6 Mar 44), Military Attache Report, Lebanon and Syria;" Report No. 355 (March 7,1944), NACP RG 165, MID, Regional File, 1922-44, Palestine, entry 77, box 2719, folder 2930.

76. "Weekly Review of Foreign Broadcasts, F.C.C., No. 118, 3/4/44, Near and Middle East," NACP RG 165, MID, Regional File, 1922-44, Palestine, entry 77, box 2719, folder 2930.

77. Berlin in Arabic, April 4,1944, "Resistance Is the Salvation of the Arabs;" No. 1741 (April 12, 1944).

78. Berlin in Arabic, April 16,1944,10:30 p.m., "The Effect of Nazism on the Anglo-Saxons;" Jacobs to Secretary of State, No. 18o6, Cairo (May 5, 1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... April 15 to 21, 1944, 3-4, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

79. Berlin in Arabic, April 22,1944,7:30 p.m., "What Is the Anglo-Saxons' Policy in Raising the Subject of Arab Unity?" Jacobs to Secretary of State, No.1823, Cairo (May 9, 1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... April 22 to 28,1944, 2, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

80. Berlin in Arabic, May 3,1944,7:30 and 10:30 p.m., "Speech by Rashid Ali El Kilani, Premier of Iraq on Anniversaryof Iraq's Declaration of War on Britain;" Jacobs to Secretaryof State, No.1843, Cairo (May15,1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... April 29 to May5,1944,6-9, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

81. Berlin in Arabic, May9,1944, 7:30 p.m., "Germany and the Anniversary of the Iraqi Revolution;" Jacobs to Secretary of State, No.1858, Cairo (May 20, 44), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... May 6 to 12,1944, 8, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55: 1944, 820.02-822, entry, box 112.

82. Berlin in Arabic, May 18, 1944,10:30 P.M., "Allied Lies," Jacobs to Secretary of State, No. 1878, Cairo (May 24, 44), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... May 13 to 19,1944,12, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

83. Berlin in Arabic, May 20, 1944, 7:30 p.m., "The Anglo-American and de Gaullist Traitors Send the Arabs of North Africa to Their Death;" to Secretary of State, No. 1898, Cairo (May 29, 44), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... May 20 to 26,1944, 1, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

84. VFA, June 6,1944,8:15 p.m., "The Invasion," Jacobs to Secretary of State, No. 1931, Cairo (May 29, 44), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... June 3 to 9,1944,6-7, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

85. VFA, June 7,1944, 8:15 p.m., "Effect of the Invasion News of [sic] the Arab Countries;" Jacobs to Secretary of State, No.1931(May 29,1944), 8 -9.

86. VFA, June 8,1944,10:15 p.m., "The Fate of the Arab Countries If the Allies Win the War," Jacobs to Secretary of State, No.1931(May 29,1944), 8-9.

87. Berlin in Arabic, June 24,1944,10:30 p.m., "Talk on Palestine," Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 17, Cairo (June 19,1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... June in to 16,1944, 2-3, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

88. Berlin in Arabic, August 1,1944,7:30 p.m., "Bolshevik Aggression in Arab Countries;" Tuck to Secretary of State, No.136, Cairo (August 7,1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... July 29 to August 4,1944,4-5, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936 -55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

89. Berlin in Arabic, October 16,1944,7:30 p.m., "Talk on Rommel," Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 294, Cairo (October 23,1944), No. 294, Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 14 to 20,1944, 2, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

90. Berlin in Arabic, October 21,1944, 7:30 p.m., "Roosevelt's Insanity," Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 304, Cairo (October 30,1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... October 21 to 27, 1944, 1, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 112.

91. Berlin in Arabic, November 5,1944,9:30 p.m., "Message from von Ribbentrop the German Foreign Minister to H. Em. Sheik El Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Palestine," Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 367, Cairo (November 23,1944), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... November 4 to 10, 1944, 1, NACP RG 84, entry 2410, Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-1955:1944,820.02-822, box 112.

92. McBryde, "Effect of Enemy Arabic Broadcasts on Arabs, Military Attache Report, Syria and Lebanon, Sociological-Enemy Arabic Broadcasting Affecting Levant, Report No. 649: Significant Examples of Enemy Propaganda, Month of September 1944," Beirut (October it, 1944), NACP RG 208, OWI Overseas Branch, Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, Central Files, Informational Files on the Near East, 1941-46, entry 373, box 426.

93. Joseph R. Cassoun, "Military Attache Report, Syria and Lebanon: Transmission for the Month of Nov 44 by Radio Berlin and the Voice of Arab Unity, R-97-715," Beirut (December 8,1944), NACP RG 208, OWI Overseas Branch, Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, Central Files, Informational Files on the Near East, 1941-46, entry 373, box 426.

94. See Martin Broszat, Klaus Dietmar Henke, and Hans Woller, eds., Vom Stalingrad bis zur Wahrungsreform: Zur Sozialgeschichte des Umbruchs in Deutschland (Munich: R. Oldenbourg,1988); and Jerry Z. Muller, The Other God That Failed: Hans Freyer and the Deradicalization of German Conservatism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).

95. Political Intelligence Centre Middle East, "P.LC. Paper No. 49, The Ikhwan El Muslemin," Cairo (February 25,1944), NA, FO 371/41329,1944 Egypt and Sudan, File No. 31, J188o/31/16; also in NA WO201/2647.

96. Ibid., 2.

97. Ibid., 3.

98. Jacobs to Secretary of State, No.1785 (April 29,1944), "Fanatical Moslem Society: Ikhwan El-Muslemin (Moslem Brotherhood)," NACP RG 84, Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55: 711- Soo, Egypt, entry 2410, box 108.

99. Nils E. Lind, ""Memorandum: King Abdul Aziz al Saud's Remarks about Jews" (October 30,1944), NACP RG 84, entry 1197, Damascus Legation, Confidential File, 1944, vols. 3-4, 800-891.

loo. "President Roosevelt to Senator Robert F. Wagner" (Washington, October 15,1944), FRUS 1944, vol. 5, 615-16.

101. "Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Murray) to the Under Secretary of State (Stettinius) (Washington, October 27,1944)," FRUS 1944, vol. 5, 624-26.

102. "Secretary of State to President Roosevelt" (Washington, December 8, 1944), "Press Release by the Department of State, December 12,1944," FRUS 1944, vol. 5,648-49.

103. "Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Roosevelt" (Washington, December 23,1944), FR US 1944, vol. 5, 655 -57.

104. Franklin Roosevelt to Robert Wagner, "Memorandum for Senator Wagner" (Washington, December 3,1944), NARA RG 46, Records of the United States Senate, 78th Congress, Sen 78A-Fn, Committee on Foreign Relations, box 124, HM FY 2001.

105. Berlin in Arabic, January13, 9:30 P.M., "'Political Locusts, "Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 512 (January 24,1945), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... January 12 to January 18,1945,1-2, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 134.

106. VFA, January 24,1945,7:15 p.m., "Range of V-Weapons to Be Increased;" Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 529, Cairo (January 31,1945), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... January 19 to January 25, 1945, 5, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 134.

107. Station of VFA, January 29,1945,7:15 p.m., "The Jewish Army," Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 543, Cairo (February 6,1945), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... January 26 to February 1, 1945, 4, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 24120, box 134.

108. Berlin in Arabic, January 31,1945,9:30 p.m., "Arabs, It Is Time for Action;" Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 543, Cairo (February 5, 1945), 6-7•

109. VFA, February 1,1945, 7:15 p.m., "The Increase of the Jewish Danger;" Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 543, Cairo (February 5,1945), 7.

110. Berlin in Arabic, February 2,1945, 6:30 and 9:30 p.m., No. 561, Cairo (February 12,1945), Axis Broadcasts in Arabic ... February 2 to February 8, 1945, 2, NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 820.02-822, entry 2410, box 134.

Chapter 8. Postwar Aftereffects

1. See Klaus Genscicke, Der Mufti von Jerusalem and die Nationalsozialisten: Eine politische Biographic Amin el-Husseinis (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftlichebuchgesellschaft, 2007),148.

2. On Dietrich's actions and the postwar trial, see Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), 272-74.

3. James B. Donovan, General Counsel, OSS, to Colonel Edward J. E Glavin, OSS, Caserta (Cairo) (May 24, 1945), "OSS War Crimes Program," NACP RG 226, M1642, Records of the OSS Washington Director's Office, roll 121, 196-98.

4. "`The Near East and the War Crimes Problem': Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch, R and A, No. 1090.116, 23 June 1945, Situation Report: Near East, Analysis of Current Intelligence for the Use of OSS," 1-28, in NACP RG 84, Syria: Damascus Legation, Confidential File, 1945, vols. 1-2, 03o-8ooB, Classified General Records, entry 3248A, 350/69/5/6-7, box 4, vol. 2, 711-8ooB.

5. Ibid., "Summary."

6. Ibid., 1.

7. Ibid., 1-2.

8. Ibid., 5-6.

9. Ibid., 6.

to. Ibid., 6-7.

u. Ibid., 8.

12. They included Shaykh Hasan abu-Sa'ud (Jerusalem,19oo-?); Sa'd al-Din Abd-al-Latif (Jerusalem, 1899-?), who was an announcer on Axis-controlled radio stations; Musa Abdallah al-Husayn, Haj Amin's cousin, who worked on Arabic programs on the BBC before 1941 and subsequently took part in Arabic broadcasts from Axis stations; Safwat Yunis al-Husayni (Jerusalem, 1900-?), who had connections to the Arab Legion; and Salim al-Husayni (Jerusalem, 1913-?).

13. "`The Near East and the War Crimes Problem': Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch, R and A, No. 1090116, June 23,1945, Situation Report: Near East, Analysis of Current Intelligence for the Use of OSS," 1-28, in NACP RG 84, Syria: Damascus Legation, Confidential File, 1945: vols. 1-2, 030-8ooB, Classified General Records, entry 3248A, 350/69/5/6-7, box 4, vol. 2, 711-8ooB, 9-10.

14. Ibid., 12.

15. The postwar governments in Lebanon and Syria were no more likely to bring former Axis supporters Shakib Arslan and Fawzi al-Qawuqji to trial. See ibid., 13-17.

16. Ibid., 9-10.

17. Ibid., 21-22.

18. "Melchers, Wilhelm;" in Gerhard Kieper and Martin Kroger, eds., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswartigen Dienstes, 1871-1945, Bd. 3, L-R (Paderborn: F. Schoningh, forthcoming). Melchers was the German ambassador to India (1957-58), Nepal (1958-61), and Greece (1961-65).

19. "Munzel, Kurt," in Kieper and Kroger, eds. Biographisches Handbuch ... Bd. 3. See Kurt Munzel, Agyptisch-arabischer Sprachfuhrer (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz:1983)•

20. See Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-2001 (New York: Vintage, 2001),176.

21. U.S. Naval Liaison Office, Alexandria, Egypt, "Secret, 636-S-45: Egypt and Levant, Social Unrest," Alexandria, Egypt (November 8,1945), NACP RG 38 (Chief of Naval Operations), Intelligence Division Confidential Reports of Naval Attaches, 1940-46, entry 98A, C-io-C 16322 to I-i-D 24376, box 346.

22. U.S. Naval Liaison Office, Port Said, Egypt, "Serial # 72-75: Translation: In the Name of Merciful God to the Governor of the Canal, Enclosure A," Port Said (November 3, 1945), NACP RG 38, Intelligence Division Confidential Reports of Naval Attaches, 1940-46, entry 98A, C-io-C 24533-25640, box 461.

23. Bernard A. Facteau, "Arab Riots in Egypt, Intelligence Report, Intelligence Division, Office of Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Department," Washington, D.C. (November 6,1945), NACP RG 38, Intelligence Division, Confidential Reports of Naval Attaches 1940-46, C-10-C, 24533 to 25640, entry 98A, box 461.

24. "Recent Trends in Palestine Arab Politics;" Cairo (November 16, 1945), 3, NACP RG 84, Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55, 820-820.03, entry 2410, box 134.

25. Lord Killearn, "No. 30, Lord Killearn to Mr. [Ernest] Beven ... Assassination of Amin Osman Pasha," Cairo (January 8,1946), NA, FO 371/53341, Egypt and Sudan File No. 66, 1217/66/16, 1-2.

26. Lord Killearn, "Assassination of Ohmed Osman Pasha," Cairo (January 9, 1946), NA, FO 371/53341, Egypt and Sudan File No. 66, J 219/66/16.

27. Bowker, "No. 1267, Assassination ofAhmed Osman Pasha," Cairo (November 30,1946), NA, FO 371/53341, Egypt and Sudan 1946, File No. 66, J5195/66/16.

28. "Egypt, Mufti's Activities in July and August, A-70730;" Strategic Services Unit, War Department, Alexandria, Egypt (August 19,1946), NACP RG 226, OSS Washington Registry SI Intell Field Files Cairo Go17, entry 108 A, box 15, folder 68.

29. Tuck to the Secretary of State, No. 1648, Cairo (June 24,1946), Editorial Comment from the Cairo Press Concerning the Appearance of the Mufti in Egypt, NACP RG 84, entry 1197, Damascus Legation Confidential File: 1946, vols. 3-4, 800-891, box 11.