Mr. Hornaday's War (40 page)

headhunters, 113–14, 124

heath hen, extinction of, 173, 213

Hedley, George, 6; first Smithsonian expedition, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34; real estate business in Buffalo, 146, 147–48; second Smithsonian expedition, 38

Hitler, Adolf, 163, 212

“Holocene extinction,” xvii, 93–94

Hornaday, Calvin (brother), 78–79

Hornaday, Clark (brother), 78, 79

Hornaday, Ezekiel (grandfather), 77

Hornaday, Helen (daughter), 176, 195, 216

Hornaday, Josephine Chamberlain (“Empress Josephine”), 60, 154, 215; cares for queasy orangutans, 155; engagement to Hornaday, 109–10; first meeting with Hornaday, xiii–xiv, 99–100; Hornaday's first book dedicated to, 130; Hornaday's love for, 52, 104, 176; letters of, important to Hornaday, 110, 129, 147; little written record of, 129; loneliness in his absences, 195; urges Hornaday's resignation, 146–47; wedding in Battle Creek, 129

Hornaday, Martha (mother), 77–78, 79

Hornaday, William (father), 77–78, 79

Hornaday, William Temple: collection of specimens by (
see
collection of specimens); dangers faced by, 122; death of, 216; eagerness to go to Africa, 76; eulogized, 217–18, explanations for exhibiting Ota Benga, 164, 165; fame of, 122, 172; feelings of inferiority, 153; forgotten by historians, 217–18; insensitive to matters of race, 164; opposition to buffalo slaughter, 21; reporter's assessment of qualifications, 141; response to MacArthur's criticism, 161–62; as taxidermist (see American bison habitat grouping; taxidermy); treatment of servants, 112; undertakes census of American bison, 4–5

appearance of,
3, 47; after two years in India, 121; energy, in old age, 206–7; facial features, 8–9, 106; in middle age, 171, 172; as young man, 90

awards and honors:
eulogies, 218; honorary doctorates, 172; Hornaday's paradise fish, 217; medals for bird protection, 203; media praise, 204, 205; Mount Hornaday named for, 216–17; William T. Hornaday Award (Boy Scouts), 217

criticism of,
xiv–xv, 49; for bison reserves, 189; “often irritating,” 207; pygmy exhibit “an outrage,” 161–62; as “repentant hunter.”
153; “stop Hornaday” campaign, 206

early life of,
3; college years, 81–82; deaths of parents, 79; family moves West to Iowa, 77–78; learns to shoot and hunt, 80; life on Eddyville farm, 78–79; lives with uncle in Indiana, 79; love for wildlife, 78; religious upbringing, 80–81

employed by Ward's Natural Science Establishment:
expedition to Everglades, 88, 89–97; hired by Prof. Ward, 9, 76–77; interest in various departments of, 83–84; letter of application, 83; proposal for African expedition, 86–87; romance and glamour of, 84; sets up exhibit at Chicago Exposition of 1875, 98

as hunter:
alligator hunting, 92–93; book written about, 107, 112, 128, 217; feelings of guilt for hunting, 70–71, 80, 81; learns to hunt in childhood, 80; numbness to regret for killing wildlife, 97; orangutan hunts, 123–27; views of hunting career, 132–33

illnesses:
bedridden at age 83, 214; injuries, 106; neuritis, xiv, 212–13; tropical fevers (malaria), 110, 112, 121

letters of:
on captive breeding program, 136; on combating public apathy, 179–80; complimenting FDR, 216; expressing gratitude to Ward, 123; expressing love for Josephine, 176; to FDR on waterfowl hunting ban, 212–15; on financial worries, 154–55; note on bison habitat grouping, 48–49; passage of Bayne law, 194; plans to exhibit humans, 159–60; preference for old clothes, 172; protesting “sidehunts,” 179; Ward publishes letters from India, 122; on wildlife protection, 175

marriage to Josephine:
fifty-year anniversary, 213; importance of her letters to him, 110, 129, 147; life in Buffalo, NY, 146, 147–48, 154; move to Stamford, CT, 150; tour of European zoos, 154; wedding in Battle Creek, MI, 110, 129

nature and temperament of,
55, 155, 215; combativeness, xvi, 8, 176–77; “command presence,” 106, 121–22; near rudeness, xiii–xiv, 99; obstinacy, 9, 132–33, 215, 219; teetotaler, 37

Theodore Roosevelt and,
50–59; creation of American Bison Society, 57–58, 60, 133; first meeting, 50–51; natural companions, 51–52

views on:
Andrew Carnegie, 128; boasts of killing orangutans, 126; career as hunter, 132–33; ethics of “last buffalo hunt,” 36; falling in love, 104; feelings of guilt for hunting, 70–71, 80, 81; first meeting with Josephine, 99; hierarchy of sentient life, 164–65; his lack of scientific accomplishment, 120; his war for wildlife, xv; his wife, Josephine, 129, 130; Indian expedition, 106, 107; Indians' foolishness with buffalo, 63–64; killing large bull buffalo, 41–42; kinship of humans and apes, 126–27; largest specimen taken, 43–44; marriage, 213; near-extinction of American bison, 5; “new” crocodile subspecies, 96; old age, 206–7; rapacious hunters, 12; Samuel Pierpont Langley, 137–38; saving of wildlife, xvi–xvii; “side-hunts,” 178–79; South America, 104; vistas in Montana Territory, 27; Ward's demands, 111; Ward's museum, 84

work on National Zoo:
conflicts with Langley, 144–46; demoted by Langley, 145; epiphany regarding, 131–32; given “free rein,” 140–41; resignation, 146–47, 149; secures funding, 141–42

work on New York Zoological Park:
extensive official duties of, 174–75; Hornaday hired to
create zoo,
149; knowledge of wildlife status due to, 173; retirement in 1926, 204; tour of European zoos, 154; upset over “Bronx Zoo” name, 204–5; vision of finished zoo, 151–52

writings of:
archived papers, 129; autobiography (unpublished), xv, 35–36, 175, 180; on creation of wildlife reserves, 183; fortieth-anniversary poem to Josephine, 205; natural history articles, 148; on
wildlife and conservation, xvi.
See also specific works

Hornaday's American Natural History
(Hornaday), 96

Hornaday's paradise fish
(Polynemus hornadayi),
217

Howard Colored Orphan Asylum, 165

hunting: destruction of bird species by, 178–79; duck hunters' refusal to hunt, 215–16; estimates of slaughtered wildlife, 71–72; “ethical hunting,” 58; “game hogs,” 209; Hornaday's game protection efforts and, 207–8; hunters as “armies of destruction,” 197, 209–10; increase in numbers of hunters, 210; ineffectual game laws and, 66; “market hunting,” 192; reduction of bag limits, 208; seal hunting, 175, 195–96

The Hunting Grounds of the Great West
(Dodge), 69

Hunting Trips of a Ranchman
(Roosevelt), 8

HV Ranch, 37

India, 9, 105–17, 122; famine in, 107, 112–13; Hornaday's book about, 107, 112, 128, 217; lack of game in, 111–12; man-eating tigers, 107–9

Indian expedition, 105–17; dangers of, 109–10; Hornaday kills tiger, 9, 114–17, 122

Indians.
See
Plains Indians;
specific tribes

Indian wars: atrocities in, 18, 20; massacre of Custer, 22; role in near-extinction of buffalo, 19, 20–21, 66, 70; Sherman's conduct of, 17–19

international wildlife protection treaties, 196

invasive species, introduction of, 134–35

Iowa State Agricultural College, 82, 128–29

Iowa State University, 77, 82

Iron Jacket (Comanche chief), 181

Isa-tai (medicine man), 182

Jackson, Chester: decision to travel with Hornaday, 90–91; on departure for Orinoco, 101–2; description of Hornaday, 90; first meeting with Hornaday, 89–90; idea for Orinoco River expedition, 100; letters to, 130; on storms at sea, 102–3; unable to go on Indian expedition, 110–11

Kansas City Journal,
189

Kellogg, John Harvey, 98

King Kong
(film), inspiration for, 9, 86

Kiowa Indians, 182, 185–86

Kipling, Rudyard, 151

Lacey, John F., 191

Lacey Act of 1900, 185, 191–92

Lane, Harry, 203

Langley, Samuel Pierpont, xvi, 141, 149; appointed to Smithsonian, 137; appoints committee to “control” Hornaday, 145, 146; conflicts with Hornaday over Zoo, 144–46; fascination with flying machines, 138; gives Hornaday free rein to create zoo, 140–41; Hornaday's disenchantment with, 137–38; petulance of, 146; power over National Zoo, 142; “reign of terror” over Smithsonian, 143; “resolution” about National Zoo, 143–44; support of zoo bill, 140

“Langley's Folly,” 138

law.
See
game protection laws

Lee, Alice Hathaway, 52–53, 54, 55, 58

Leopold, King of Belgium, 157

Liberty
(schooner), 89, 91

Library of Congress, 129

Liebling, A. J., 172

Life
magazine, 212

Linnean Society, 119

Little Bighorn River, Battle of, 14, 22, 136–37

Little Robe (Cheyenne chief), 66

Livingstone, David, 85, 109

lobbying: actions of feather-trade lobbyists, xvi, 201–3; American Bison Society created for, 57–58, 60, 133; gun lobby, xvi

loggerhead turtles, 89–90

London Feather Sale of May 1911, 199

“Long Island bunch,” 192–93

LU-Bar Ranch, 25

Lucas, Frederic, 83

lyrebirds, 8, 203

MacArthur, R. S., 161

The Malay Archipelago
(Wallace), 120

Malay Peninsula, 120

Malay people, 112

manatee, 91, 104

man-eating tigers, 108

“market hunting,” 192–94

Matthiessen, Peter, 166

McCanna,“Mac” (camp cook), 37

McCormick, B. C., 64–65

McCullough, David, 53

McGillicuddy, Valentine T., 136–37

McHugh, Tom, 67–68

McKinley, William, 58, 184, 185

McLean, George, 203

McLellan, George B., Jr., 162

McLeod, Columbus, 191

McNaney, Jim (cowboy), 36, 39, 40, 42, 44

McNary, O. C., 66

Megatherium
(giant ground sloth), 83

Merrill, J. C. (army doctor), 13, 25

Meyers, George S., 217

“militant women,” 201

Miller, David (half-brother), 79, 91

Miller, Warren, 202

Minds and Manners of Wild Animals
(Hornaday), 165

Montana National Bison Reserve, 188

Montana Territory, 6–7; Fort Keogh, 24–25, 31, 37; Smithsonian expedition of 1886, 23–29; as wild and dangerous place, 13–14

Moran (pvt. from Fort Keogh), 31

Morgan, J. P., 155–56

Mount Hornaday, 216–17

Mssrs. J. & A. Boskowitz, 62

Muir, John, 217

Nangen (servant), 105, 106, 112, 114, 115

National Academy of Natural Sciences, 95

National Audubon Society 179, 192, 200

National Museum.
See
U.S. National Museum

National Zoo (Washington, D.C.), xvi; determination to create, 57, 60, 133; disputes over borders of, 141; Hornaday's work with
(see
Hornaday, William Temple); inspiration for, 34; public interest in, 135–36; publicity campaign for, 138–39; site of, 137, 139, 140, 144

natural selection, 118

Nature
(journal), 128

Nautdah (Cynthia Ann Parker), 181–82

near-extinction of American bison, 5–6; buffalo hunting and, 61; Hornaday's views on, 5; public apathy regarding, 60, 63; Quanah Parker's outrage at, 182; return from, 218; role of Indian wars in, 19, 20–21, 66, 70; wild bison exterminated, 46, 59

Neihardt, John C., 137

New York City, 150–51, 163, 193

New York Evening Post,
164

New York Public Opinion,
138–39

New York Times,
122, 184, 204; gratitude toward Hornaday, 188; Josephine's letter to, 129; on Ota Benga exhibit, 160, 162, 165

New York Times Magazine,
206–7

New York World,
171–72

New York World-Telegram,
172

New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo), 183; donation of bison to Wichita game preserve, 187, 188; exhibition of Ota Benga, xv, xvi, 156–62; Hornaday's work with
(see
Hornaday, William Temple); as instant success, 156; official opening of, 155–56; search for appropriate site, 153–54

New York Zoological Society, 151, 154, 200; mandate on wildlife preservation, 174–75, 198; offers job to Hornaday, 149, 152–53; pressured to fire Hornaday, 206; publication of Hornaday's report, 178; renamed Wildlife Conservation Society, 218

Northern Pacific railroad, 11–12, 14

“Old Man” (baby orangutan), 127

“Old Stripes” (Bengal tiger), 9, 114–17, 122

Oldys, Henry, 200, 202

“Ole Boss” (crocodile), 94–96, 97

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin), 119

“On the Species of Bornean Orangs, with Notes on Their Habits” (Hornaday), 127

orangutan (“Man of the forest”), 123–27; appearance and size of specimens, 125; Hornaday's feeling for, 126–27; observation of behavior, 127; queasy, Josephine cares for, 155

Orinoco River expedition, 99–104;
Golden Fleece,
102–3; Hornaday writes travelogue about, 103; outfitting in Manhattan, 101; proposal and funding for, 100–101; specimens collected, 103–4

ornithologists, 173, 177–78

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 151, 175; on American Bison Society, 189; approves campaign for Bayne bill, 193; love of hunting, 152; remarks at zoo opening, 156, 159

Oskaloosa College, 81–82

Ota Benga: as “employee” of zoo, 160, 162; exhibited at St. Louis World's Fair, 157, 158; exhibited in Monkey House, 160–62; Hornaday's explanation for exhibiting, 164, 165; housed at American Museum of Natural History, 158; purchased and brought to U.S. by Verner, 157; released to Rev. Gordon, 165; suicide due to homesickness, 166–67; wanders woods near Lynchburg, VA, 165–66

Our Vanishing Wild Life
(Hornaday), 164, 197, 199–200, 209, 210

Outdoor Life
magazine, 218