Mr. Hornaday's War (39 page)

Bruckner, Zoltan. “For a Balanced View of the American Indian.”
Institute for Historical Review
18, no. 2 (March/April 1999).

Coffman, Douglas. “William Hornaday's Bitter Mission: The Mysterious Journey of the Last Wild Bison.”
Montana,
February 1991, pp. 58–71.

Cole, Leon J. “The German Carp in the United States.”
Appendix to the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries,
Government Printing Office, 1905.

Dehler, Gregory J. “An American Crusader: William Temple Hornaday and Wildlife Protection in America, 1840–1940.” PhD diss., Lehigh University, 2001.

Dolph, James Andrew. “Bringing Wildlife to Millions: William Temple Hornaday, The Early Years: 1854–1896.” PhD diss., University of Massachusetts, 1975.

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
Snowy Egret Biological Status Review Report,
March 31, 2011.

Franzen, Jonathan. “Emptying the Skies.”
New Yorker,
July 26, 2010.

Grigg, Gordon, and Carl Gans. “Morphology and Physiology of the Crocodylia.” In
Fauna of Australia,
vol. 2A,
Amphibia and Reptilia,
chapter 40, pp. 326–36. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1993.

Hornaday, Josephine Chamberlain. “No Shelter at Transfer Points.”
New York Times,
letter to the editor, January 4, 1903.

Hornaday, W. T. “An African Pigmy.”
New York Zoological Society Bulletin
23, no. 302 (1906).

——. “The Crocodile in Florida.”
American Naturalist,
September 1875.

——. “On the Destruction of Birds and Mammals.”
Auk
15 (1898): 280.

——. “The Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals: A Report on the Results of an Inquiry.”
Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society
2 (1898): 77.

——.
Eighty Fascinating Years
(unpublished autobiography). Hornaday papers, Library of Congress, 1938.

——. “The Evolution of a Zoologist.” Hornaday papers, Library of Congress.

——. “The Founding of the Wichita National Bison Herd.”
Bulletin of the American Bison Society
(1907): 412.

——. “On the Species of Bornean Orangs, with Notes on Their Habits.”
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
28 (1879): 438–55.

——. “The Steam Roller Of The Feather Importers In The United States Senate: The Lobby Of The Feather Trade Jubilant, Thus Far: A Warning To The American People.” Pamphlet, 1913.

——. “Suicide of Ota Benga, the African Pygmy.”
Zoological Society Bulletin
19, no. 3 (1916): 1356.

Horowitz, Helen. “The National Zoological Park: ‘City of Refuge' or Zoo?” Records of the Columbia Historical Society (Washington, D.C., 1973–74), pp. 405–29 (from a larger history of American zoos undertaken when the author was a fellow in American and cultural history at the Smithsonian Institution).

Mergen, Alexa. “From Bison to Biopark: 100 Years of the National Zoo.” Friends of the National Zoo, 1989.

Meyers, George S. “A New Polynemid Fish Collected in the Sadong River, Sarawak, by Dr. William T. Hornaday.”
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
26, no. 9 (September 15, 1936): 376, 377.

Mitchell, John E., and Richard H. Hart. “Winter of 1886–87: The Death Knell of Open Range.”
Rangelands
9, no. 1 (February 1987): 3–8.

Oldys, Henry. “Scarcity Forces America to Protect Its Game.”
New York Times,
September 3, 1911.

Peterson, John M. “Buffalo Hunting in Montana in 1886: The Diary of W. Harvey Brown, Montana.”
Journal of Western History
31, no. 4 (Autumn 1981): 2–13.

——. “W. Harvey Brown and K.U.'s First Buffaloes.”
Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains
4, no. 4 (Winter 1981): 219–26.

Rauzon, Mark J. “The Diaries of Max Schlemmer from Laysan Island 1905–1907.”
Journal of the Hawaiian Audubon Society
70, no. 4 (May 2010): 25–29.

“Restricts Sale of Game: Gov. Dix Signs the Bayne Bill Protecting Native Wild Animals.”
New York Times,
June 27, 1911.

Shell, Hanna Rose. “Skin Deep: Taxidermy, Embodiment, and Extinction in W. T. Hornaday's Buffalo Group.”
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
55, supp. 1, no. 5 (October 18, 2004): 88–112.

Van Nostrand, Jeanne. “The Seals Are About Gone . . .”
American Heritage,
June 1963, pp. 11–19.

Wood, Judith Hebbring. “The Origin of Public Bison Herds in the United States.”
Wicazo Sa Review
15, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 157–82.

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

Adobe Walls, Second Battle of, 182

“An African Pigmy” (Hornaday), 160

African Silences
(Matthiessen), 166

Agassiz, Louis, 119

“Age of Extinction,” 111–12

Alaskan code of game laws, 207

Alaskan fur seal
(Ursus marinus),
xv, 175, 195–96, 218–19

alligator hunting, 92–93

American, Sadie, 202

American bison
(Bison americanus),
xv; ancestral homeland of, 12; apparent dim intelligence of, 61; bones sold for fertilizer, 33; census of, 4–5; compared to gaur and aurochs, 61; donated to new zoo, 136–37; as embodiment of Great Plains, 56–57; exhibited at New York Zoological Park, 183; free-roaming, extinction of, 46, 59; harness-broken, 184–85; herd split by Union Pacific Railroad, 22; Hornaday undertakes census of, 4–5; hunted (
see
buffalo-hide hunters; buffalo hunting); mythical “Canadian herd,” 33–34; near-extinction of (see near-extinction of American bison); Plains Indians' dependence on, 18–19; private herds of, 140, 184; size of herds, 21, 67–68

The American Bison
(Garretson), 185

American bison habitat grouping (National Museum): Hornaday's drive to create, 55–57, 133; Hornaday's note on, 48–49; importance of bull buffalo in, 44–45; taxidermy used in creating, 44, 47–48

American Bison Society: creation of, 57–58, 60, 133, 184; formation of bison herds on game reserves, 188–89; fund-raising for conservation, 184–85; vision of game preserve, 186

American Museum of Natural History: Eskimo exhibit, 157; failure to find bison specimens, 58–59; Osborn as head of, 151, 152; Ota Benga housed at, 158

American Ornithologists' Union, 174, 179

Arapaho Indians, 182

“archosaureans,” 93

Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad, 68

Audubon, John James, 13, 82, 127, 133

Audubon Act of 1911 (Dutcher Law), 192, 198

Audubon
magazine, 192

Auk
(journal), 179

Auten, Benjamin (guardian), 81, 98–99

Axis deer (“chital”), 105

badger, train ride with, 135

bag limits, reduction of, 208

Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 24, 35, 45, 133, 134

Ballweg, Ambrose, 79

Barnum, P. T., 160

Bashilele tribe (African slave traders), 157

Battle Creek Sanitarium, 98

Bayne, Howard, 193

Bayne law, passage of, 193–94, 195

Baynes, Ernest Harold, 184–85

Beebe, C. William, 198–99

Bengal tigers, 107–9; killed by Hornaday, 9, 114–17, 122; kinds of, 107–8

Benton, Thomas Hart, 51–52

Berlin Zoo, 151, 154

Bessey, Charles, 82, 175

Betty (secretary), 213–14

Bird-Lore
magazine, 192

birds: Audubon's killing of, 82; Christmas Bird Count, 192; creation of sanctuaries for, 208; erroneous conclusions about hawks and owls, 178; Hornaday awarded medals for protection of, 203; Hornaday's report on, met with disbelief, 179; illegally killed, 193; laws for protection of, 192, 194, 207; market hunting of (
see
feather trade); “mausoleum” of, in New York City, 193; proposed waterfowl hunting ban, 212–15; species in great peril, 173; survey of decrease in populations, 178; treaty with Canada on migratory birds, 194.
See also specific bird species

Birds of America
(Audubon), 13, 82

birds-of-paradise, 198, 199, 203

Black Elk (Sioux medicine man), 136–37

Black Elk Speaks
(Neihardt), 137

Blackmore, William, 21

Blocki, Louise, 202

Boas, Franz, 157

bones (skeletons): bison bones sold for fertilizer, 33; of buffalo, found in Montana Territory, 28–29; collecting in Miami, 92, 95; specimens skinned and skeletonized, 39, 121

Boone, Daniel, 21, 58

Boone and Crockett Club, 58, 151, 152, 184, 208

Borneo, 127; described, 122–23; Dyak tribes of, 123, 124–25; Hornaday's book about, 107, 112, 128, 217; Hornaday's paradise fish (
Polynemus hornadayi
), 217; hunting orangs in, 123–27

Boyd, Irwin (cowboy/guide), 30, 36

Boy Scout medal named for Hornaday, 217

Bradley, Guy, 191, 192

Brewster, William, 202

Brinkley, Douglas, 9, 190

Bronx Zoo.
See
New York Zoological Park

Brown, Harvey, 36–37, 39, 42

“Brownie” (Hornaday's horse), 43

buffalo.
See
American bison

Buffalo, New York, life in, 146, 147–48, 154

buffalo-hide hunters, 5, 64; “Doc” Zahl, reminiscences of, 33–34; “lazy or shiftless,” 69; unable to keep up with harvesting hides, 62–63

buffalo hunting: carcasses left to rot, 62–63; consequences of, 68–69; estimates of numbers slaughtered, 67, 68, 71; to extinction of species, 61; hides, disposition of, 39, 68; inevitability of extermination and, 66; last wild buffalo shot, 46; mechanized slaughter, 5; by Plains Indians, 21, 63; skeletons and carcasses found, 28–29; slaughter condemned by newspapers, 64–65; still-hunts, 61–62.
See also
collection of specimens

“buffalo jumps,” 21

Bumpus, Henry, 158

Burroughs, John, 217

Canada, 33–34, 194, 196

Cannon, Joseph (“Uncle Joe”), 141–42

“Canoe and Rifle on the Orinoco” (travelogue), 103

captive breeding program, 136, 183

Carew, Kate, 171–72

Carnegie, Andrew, 127–28

carp, common
(Cyprinus carpio),
134–35

Catlin, George, 63

“cattle-lifters” (tigers), 108

Central Park zoo, 150

Chamberlain, George E., 203

Chamberlain, Josephine.
See
Hornaday, Josephine Chamberlain

Champawat Tigress, 108

Chapman, Frank, 192

Cheyenne Indians, 14, 20, 69, 182; legend
of buffalo cave, 66; White Dog (guide), 26, 27

Chicago Exposition of 1875, 98

Chicago Tribune,
10–11

Chimney Butte Ranch (Dakota Territory), 54–55

Christmas Bird Count, 192

Civil War, 9, 17, 78–79

“clay manikin process” (taxidermy), 56

Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 127

Cleveland, Grover, 136

closed hunting seasons, fight for, 207

Cody, William F. (“Buffalo Bill”), 20, 61–62, 140

collection of specimens: American bison, 6, 41, 42–44, 164; Audubon's killing of birds, 82; Bengal tiger, 9, 114–17, 122; crocodiles, 94–96, 97, 122; to demonstrate need for preservation, 12–13; Hornaday and Wallace as tireless collectors, 120–21; Hornaday's anger over stolen bison specimen, 41, 164; live, for “little tryout zoo,” 134–35; maritime specimens from Biscayne Bay, 91–92; in Miami, 92; Orinoco River expedition, 103–4; primates, by Du Chaillu, 119–20; work of skinning and skeletonizing, 39.
See also
American bison habitat grouping (National Museum)

Colored Baptist Ministers Conference, 161

Columbus Dispatch,
207

Comanche Indians, 181, 182, 185; legend of buffalo cave, 185–86; Quanah Parker, chief of (
see
Quanah Parker)

Conger, Omar D., 65

conservation: cultural remorse and, 132; fund-raising for, 184–85; groundswell of support for, 215–16

conservation organizations: impotence of, 174.
See also specific organizations

Cooper, Merian C., 86

Cooper's hawk, 178

Corbett, Jim, 108

Corbin, Austin, 184

cowboys: charge over bison, 188; as guides, 26–27, 36, 38; penchant for nicknames, 37

Cox, S. S., 64

Cree Indians, 63

Crockett, Davey, 58

crocodiles (crocodillians): appearance and bite force, 94; evolution of, 93–94; gavial, 112, 122; Hornaday's discovery of, 93–96; Hornaday's paper on, 96; hunt for and collection of specimen, 94–96, 97, 122

Crocodylus acutus floridanus,
96

Crow Indians, 136

Custer, George Armstrong, 14, 22, 136–37

Darwin, Charles, xiv, 85; advances theory of natural selection, 118–19;
On the Origin of Species,
119; Ota Benga incident and, 161, 163, 164, 165

Darwin-Wallace paper (1858), 118–19

Dehler, Gregory, 80, 81

Delano, Columbus, 15, 20–21, 66, 70, 189

“Department of Living Animals,” 134, 135–37

“descent with modification,” 118

The Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals
(Hornaday), 178

Dix, John, 193

Dodge, Richard Irving: as ally in “war for wildlife,” 69–70; on consequences of buffalo slaughter, 68–69; estimates number of buffalo slaughtered, 67, 68, 71

“Dohong” (orangutan), 159, 160

Donaldson, Thomas, 140

Drake, John B., 10–11

Du Chaillu, Paul, 9, 76, 84, 87, 105; collection of primate specimens, 119–20; expedition to Africa, 85–86

ducks, 214, 215–16

Ducks Unlimited, 208

Dutcher, William, 179, 192

Dutcher Law (Audubon Act of 1911), 192, 198

Dyak tribes (headhunters): description of Dyak village, 124; Hornaday's admiration for, 113–14; on location of orangs, 123; morality of, 124–25

Eastman, George, 193

Eighty Fascinating Years
(Hornaday), xv

Eldredge, Charles, 65

elephants, 121

Elliot, Henry Wood, 195–96

Endicott, William C., 24, 26

Eng Quee (servant), 112, 123, 124

“ethical hunting,” 58

“ethic of limits,” 12

“ethnographic exhibits,” 157, 159–60, 164

eugenics, 163

Everglades, 88, 89–97

expeditions, xiv; to Africa, 86–87, 109; to collect live specimens for “little tryout zoo,” 134–35; Du Chaillu's African expedition, 85–86; to Everglades, 89–97; to Great Plains (
see
Smithsonian expeditions of 1886); to India, 9, 105–17, 122; to Orinoco River delta, 99–104

Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa
(Du Chaillu), 9, 85–86

“extermination exhibit,” 135

The Extermination of the American Bison
(Hornaday), 57, 60–61, 132, 133

“extinction event,” 16

famine in India, 107, 112–13

fear of species extinction, xvii

feathered hats, 8, 15, 178, 192, 198

feather trade: actions of lobby for, xvi, 201–3; approaching half a million birds per year, 199; Hornaday's fight against, 175, 198–99; Hornaday testifies regarding, 199–200

federal government: blamed for slaughter of buffalo, 64; lack of wildlife protection by, 173–74.
See also
game protection laws; U.S. Congress

Field and Stream
magazine, 202

Fielding, Dodge (grandson), 216

Fielding, Helen Hornaday (daughter), 176, 195, 216

Figgis & Co., 199

financial depression of 1893, 148

Flathead Indian Reservation, 185

Forest and Stream
magazine, 192

Forney, A. H., 6–7, 23, 24, 27, 34

Fort, Greenbury L. (representative from IL), 64

Fort Dodge (KS), 67

Fort Keogh (Montana Territory), 24–25, 37

Fort Sill (OK), 186

Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 212

Frick, Henry Clay, 193

fund-raising: by American Bison Society, 184–85; for expedition to India, 106, 111; for National Zoo, 141–42; for Orinoco River expedition, 100–101; Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, 205–6

“game hogs,” 209

game protection laws, xvi; “anti-machine-gun bills,” 209; Audubon Act of 1911 (Dutcher Law), 192, 198; to combat “market hunting,” 192–94; feeble state and territorial laws, 65–66, 177; Hornaday's efforts after retirement, 207–8; H.R. 921, fate of, 19, 64–65; model bird protection law, 192; passage of Bayne law, 193–94, 195; against pelagic sealing, 196; prohibiting sale of game, 192; revision of Alaskan code, 207; Weeks-McLean Law of 1913, 194, 207; written by hunters, 71, 177, 197

game wardens, 191, 192, 194

Garretson, Martin, 185

gaur
(Bos gaurus),
61

gavial (Indian crocodile), 112, 122

Geronimo, 157

golden eagle, 136

Golden Fleece
(bark), 102–3

Goode, G. Brown, 6, 136, 145; assistance with creating “little tryout zoo,” 133, 134; assistance with National Zoo, 60, 138, 141; wants Hornaday to continue as chief taxidermist, 140–41

Gordon, James, 161, 165

gorilla, 85, 86

goshawk, 178

gouamba,
105

Graham, Frank, Jr., 217–18

Grant, DeForest, 151

Grant, Madison, 151, 152, 156, 175; approves campaign for Bayne bill, 193; forbids Hornaday's publicity efforts, 180; racial views of (eugenicist), 163–64; role in Ota Benga incident, 162

Grant, Ulysses S., 11, 15, 18, 19, 65

“A Gratitude Monument” (Hornaday), 205

Great Plains: bison as embodiment of, 56–57; expeditions to (
see
Smithsonian expeditions of 1886); grazing capacity of, 68; Indians of (
see
Plains Indians;
specific tribes)

“The Great Slaughter,” 21

Grinnell, George Bird, 19–20, 66, 192, 202, 207

grizzly bears, 136, 171–72

gun lobby, xvi

gun manufacturers, 15, 175

guns and ammunition, 26; big-game rifles, 109; fight against “slaughter guns,” 208; Hornaday as “crack shot,” 80, 91, 116; Maynard rifle, 91, 101, 105, 109, 114–16, 122; for Orinoco River expedition, 101; repeating shotguns, 175, 208, 209, 210; Sharps rifles, 5, 8, 22, 33, 62; tiger hunting, 9, 114–16, 122; Winchesters, 15, 42, 50

Hagenbeck, Carl, 154

Harper's Weekly,
8, 20–21

Harrison, Benjamin, 142

Harrison, Francis Burton, 200–201

Haughton, A. R., 123

Haughton, Samuel, 119

Hay-Elliot Fur Seal Treaty of 1911, 196