London's Shadows: The Dark Side of the Victorian City (45 page)

3 Curtis, Jack the Ripper, 56

4 Curtis, Jack the Ripper, 57

5 Curtis, Jack the Ripper, 57

6 Richard Williams, `The Press and Popular Culture, an Historical Perspective', in Boyce, Curran and Wingate (eds), Newspaper History, 48

7 `Useful Sunday literature for the masses, Punch (22/9/1849)

8 Pick Me Up! (6/10/1888)

9 W. T. Stead, `Government by journalism, The Contemporary Review, 49: (May 1886)

10 Stead, `Government by journalism'

11 Rob Sindall, Street Violence in the Nineteenth Century, (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1990), 32

12 Anthony Smith, `The long road to objectivity and back, in Boyce, Curran and Wingate (eds), Newspaper History, 168

13 Oxford English Dictionary (OED) quoted in Curtis, Jack the Ripper, 66

14 Michael Diamond, Victorian Sensation: Or the Spectacular, the Shocking and the Scandalous in Nineteenth-Century Britain, (London: Anthem Press, 2004), 219

15 Diamond, Victorian Sensation, 232

16 Quoted in Diamond, Victorian Sensation, 193

17 Reynolds's Newspaper (12/6/1881)

18 The Illustrated Police News (4/6/1881)

19 The Graphic(11/6/1881)

20 `The latest murder', Moonshine (15/11/1890)

21 J. Bondeson, London Monster: A Sanguinary Tale, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000)

22 For details of the garrotting panic see J. Davis (1980) and Sindall (1987)

23 Bondeson, London Monster

24 Bondeson, London Monster, 195

25 P. Haining, The Legend and Bizarre Crimes of Spring Heeled Jack, (London: Muller, 1977)

26 Jennifer Davis, `The London Garrotting Panic of 1862: A Moral Panic and the Creation of a Criminal Class in Mid-Victorian England, in Gatrell V. A. C., B. Lenman and G. Parker (eds), Crime and the Law. The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500

27 Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics. The Creation of the Mods and Rockers, (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1972)

28 See Davis, `The London Garrotting Panic'; Peter King, `Newspaper reporting and attitudes to crime and justice in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century London', Continuity & Change, 22 (2007), 73-112; and Robert Sindall, `The London garotting panics of 1856 and 1862, Social History

Notes to Chapter 5: The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: Poverty, Charity and the Fear of Revolution

1 Rev Andrew Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: An Inquiry into the Condition of the Abject Poor, (London: 1883)

2 MEPO 2/181 Letter to CW regarding the homeless in TS from Cavanagh (29/7/1887)

3 MEPO 2/181 (23/7/1887)

4 Morning Post (24/8/1887)

5 Notes and Proceedings (30/8/1887)

6 MEPO 2/181 Report from A division in response to the Notes and Proceedings article (1/9/1887)

7 H. J. Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser: Being the Revelations of the Inner Life of Low London Lodging Houses, (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1886), 73-4

8 The Bitter Cry of Outcast London was probably authored by the Rev William Carnall Preston, a former newspaper editor. Mearns was the researcher and was helped in this by another clergyman, the Rev James Munro.

9 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London

10 H. Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, (London: Macmillan, 1898), 138

11 S. B. Saul, The Myth of the Great Depression 1873-1896, (London: Macmillan, 1972)

12 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London

13 G. Darley, `Octavia Hill (1838-1912), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 10/3/09)

14 Darley, `Octavia Hill', 2

15 Quoted in W. Thomson Hill, Octavia Hill. Pioneer of the National Trust and Housing Reformer, (London: Hutchinson, 1956), 59

16 O. Hill, Homes of the London Poor, (London: Macmillan, 1883), 21-2

17 Stephen Inwood, City of Cities: The Birth of Modern London, (London: Macmillan) 2005), 40

18 PP 1884-85 [C.4402] [C.4402-I] [C.4402-II] First report of Her Majesty's commissioners for inquiring into the housing of the working classes, 4

19 Alan Palmer, The East End: Four Centuries of London Life, (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 81; G. Steadman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Realationship between Classes in Victorian Society, (london: Oxford University Press) 1971), 188

20 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 205; A. Yelling, Slums and Slum Clearance in Victorian London, (London: Routledge, 1986), 28

21 PP 1884-85, 12

22 PP 1884-85, 163

23 A. Davin, Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street in London 1870-1914, (London: Rivers Oram Press) 1996)

24 J. White, Rothschild Buildings. Life in an East End Tenement Block 1887-1920, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), 62

25 Yelling, Slums, 34

26 A. S. Wohl, The Eternal Slum, (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 22-3

27 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 23

28 PP 1884-85, 21

29 Yelling, Slums, 28

30 White, Rothschild Buildings, 131

31 S. Merrett, State Housing in Britain, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 30

32 The Times (2/3/1861)

33 Gus Elen song quoted in E. Hopkins, A Social History of the English Working Classes, 1815-1945, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), 116-17

34 PP 1884-85

35 J. White, `Jewish Landlords, Jewish Tenants: An Aspect of Class Struggle Within the Jewish East End, in A. Newman (ed.), The Jewish East End, 1840-1939, (London: Jewish Historical Society of England, 1981), 207

36 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London

37 Stedman Jones, Outcast London

38 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 26

39 Andrew Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London, A. S. Wohl (ed.), 34

40 Charles Booth, quoted in Davin, Growing Up Poor, 31

41 Lyrics by Collins and F.W. Leigh

42 The Times (22/2/1884)

43 Davin, Growing Up Poor, 46 - see tables 3.1 and 3.2

44 White, Rothschild Buildings

45 White, Rothschild Buildings, 51

46 R. Samuel, East End Underworld. Chapters in the Life of Arthur Harding, (London: History Workshop Series, 1981)

47 In December 2008 the Conservative leader, David Cameron, declared that: `the biggest challenge facing Britain today is mending our broken society, Daily Telegraph (16/12/2008)

48 White, Rothschild Buildings

49 White, Rothschild Buildings

50 P. Malpass, `Continuity and change in philanthropic housing organisations: The Octavia Hill Housing Trust and the Guinness Trust, London Journal, 24:1 (1999), 45

51 Quoted in John N. Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas between 1840 and 1914, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973),22

52 Richard Rodger, Housing in Urban Britain 1780-1914, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1989), 45

53 Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy, 18

54 S. Martin Gaskell, Model Housing. From the Great Exhibition to the Festival of Britain, (London and New York: Mansell, 1987), 30

55 Gaskell, Model Housing, 30

56 Gaskell, Model Housing, 32

57 Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy, 46

58 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 160

59 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 144

60 M. J. Daunton, House and Home in the Victorian City: Working-Class Housing 1850-1914, (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), 192

61 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 155

62 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 146

63 Wohl, The Eternal Slum, 164

64 Daunton, House and Home in the Victorian City, 192, 194

65 J. London, The People of the Abyss, (London: Macmillan, 1903), 128

66 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser

67 Inwood, City of Cities, 42

68 London, People of the Abyss, 129

69 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, 28; London, People of the Abyss, 129

70 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, 10

71 Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser, 27-8

72 For the history of the Poor Law and the workhouse see (among others) S. Webb and B. Webb, English Poor Law History (London: Longmans, 1927-29); J. R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969); M. E. Rose, English Poor Law, 1780-1930 (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971); Elizabeth T. Hurren, Protesting about Pauperism: Poverty, Politics and Poor Relief in Late-Victorian England, 1870-1900, (London: Royal Historical Society, 2007)

73 NA MEPO 2 correspondence 82559 (letter dated 16 November 1887)

74 M. Brodie, Artisans and dossers: the 1886 West End riots and the East End casual poor', London Journal, 24:2 (1999), 34

75 Jerry White, London in the Nineteenth Century: A Human Awful Wonder of God', (London: Vintage, 2008), 3 74-6

76 PP 1886 Report of a Committee to Inquire and Report as to the Origin and Character of the Disturbances which took place in the Metropolis on Monday, the 8th of February and as to the conduct of the Police Authorities in relation therein

77 PP 1886 Report of a Committee, v

78 PP 1886 Report of a Committee, 64-5

79 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)

80 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)

81 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)

82 Pall Mall Gazette (9/2/1886)

83 White, London in the Nineteenth Century, 374

84 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 343; E. Hobsbawm, `The Aristocracy of Labour Reconsidered', in Worlds of Labour: Further Studies in the History of Labour, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984), 244

85 Brodie, 'Artisans and dossers, 47-8

86 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 213

87 PP 1886 Report of a Committee, x

88 `The unemployed and the police, Moonshine (29/10/1887)

89 J. Harris,Bosanquet,Helen (1860-1925), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 10/3/2009)

90 J. Davis, `Webb, Beatrice (1858-1943), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 10/3/2009), 1

91 J. Fido, `The Charity Organisation Society and Social Casework in London 1869-1900', in A. P. Donajgrodski (ed.), Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain, (London: Crook Helm, 1977), 207

92 G. R. Searle, A New England? Peace and War 1886-1918, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 194

93 B. Potter, A lady's view of unemployment in the east, Pall Mall Gazette (18/2/86)

94 Davis, `Webb, Beatrice', 6

95 A. M. McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles. The Bosanquets versus the Webbs: A Study in British Social Policy, 1890-1929, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)

96 McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles, 372

97 H. Dendy, `The Industrial Residuum, in B. Bosanquet (ed.), Aspects of the Social Problem, by various writers, (London: Macmillan, 1895), 102

98 J. Lewis, Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England, (California: Stanford University Press, 1991), 155

99 Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London, 26

100 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830-1990, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 157

101 Helen Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, (London: Macmillan, 1898), 119

102 Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, 138

103 Bosanquet, Rich and Poor, 102

104 Lewis, Women and Social Action, 180

105 `The real starver of the poor.-John Bull vainly endeavours to relieve the distress, Fun (9/11/1887)

106 Harris, `Bosanquet, Helen, 1

107 McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles, 118

108 Kathleen Callanan Martin, Hard and Unreal Advice: Mothers, Social Science and the Victorian Poverty Experts, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008)

109 C. S. Loch, `Manufacturing a new pauperism', The Nineteenth Century, 37:218 (April 1895), 698-9

110 Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social, 171

111 White, London in the Nineteenth Century, 377

112 Quoted in W. F. Lee, `Demonstrations of Militant Reconstructionists in Metropolitan London, 1880-1914', unpublished PhD (University of New Mexico: 1976), 87

113 V. Bailey, `The Metropolitan Police, the Home Office and the Threat of Outcast London, in V. Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth-Century Britain, (London: Groom Helm, 1981)

114 Reynolds's Newspaper (13/11/1887)

115 White, London in the Nineteenth Century, 378

116 `Remember Trafalgar Square!, words by Frederick Halliwell, music by Russell Lewis, (London, British Library)

117 Pall Mall Gazette (14/11/1887)

118 Daily Chronicle, Daily Telegraph, The Times, Standard (all 14/11/1887)

119 Linnell's death calls to mind the death of Mr Tomlinson following a possible assault by a policeman controlling the crowds at the G20 demonstration, April 2009

120 Lee, `Demonstrations, 97-8

121 Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare, 114

122 Lee, `Demonstrations; 149

123 W. Churchill, Liberalism and the Social Problem, (London: Hodder & Stoughton) 1909),363

Notes to Chapter 6: City of Dreadful Delights: Vice, Prostitution and Victorian Society

1 Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid Nineteenth Century England, (New York: Basic) 1964)

2 Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians: What We Know About Them and Why We're Wrong, (New York: St Martin's, 2001)

3 E. M. Sigsworth and T. J. Wyke, A Study of Victorian Prostitution and Venereal Disease, in Martha Vicinus, Suffer and be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press) 1972)

4 Sigsworth and Wyke, A Study of Victorian Prostitution, 87

5 Christopher Frayling, `The House that Jack Built, in Alexandra Warwick & Martin Willis (eds), Jack the Ripper: Media, Culture, History, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), 16

6 Seth Koven, Slumming. Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004), 4

7 Henry Mayhew, London, Labour and the London Poor, (London: Charles Griffin) 1861)