Life on a Young Planet (48 page)

Bangia
,
plate 6

Bangiomorpha
,
plate 6

Barber, David,
235

Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa,
64
–
67
; C-isotopes in,
64
; possible fossils in,
65
–
67
; stromatolites in,
64

Barghoorn, Elso,
34
,
65
,
89
–
90
,
164

barite,
57

Barnes, Julian,
6
,
12
,
243

Bartley, Julie,
118

Belcher Islands, Canada,
92
–
93
,
110
,
plate 3

Beltanelliformis
,
166
,
plate 7

Bengtson, Stefan,
147
,
185

Benner, Steve,
231

Berner, Robert,
213

Bertrand-Sarfati, Janine,
111

Bible,
244

Bilateria,
183
–
184
,
204
,
219
; developmental genes of,
197
; initial divergence of,
200
–
202
; trace fossils of,
200

Bil’yakh Group,
109
,
117
–
120
biogeochemical cycles,
22
–
23
,
223
,
244

biology: comparative,
16
–
18
,
217
; planetary perspective on,
235
; as a suite of planetary processes,
5
,
225

biomarker molecules,
46
,
63
,
93
–
95
; of cyanobacteria,
94
; of eukaryotes,
94
,
150
,
153

biomineralization,
174

biosphere, future of,
244
–
246

biostratigraphy, Proterozoic,
153

Black Sea,
158

Bowring, Sam,
189

brachiopods,
170
,
180
,
186
,
189
–
191
,
194
,
222
; fossils of,
11
,
34
; Permian-Triassic extinction of,
216
,
221

Brasier, Martin,
62
–
63
Briggs, Derek,
192

Brocks, Jochen,
94
,
98

Brownlee, Donald,
241

Budd, Graham,
189

Buick, Roger,
51
,
57
–
59
,
70
,
94

Burgess Shale,
145
–
146
,
149
,
190
–
192
,
221

Buss, Leo,
170

Butterfield, Nick,
43
,
149
,
192

Caenorhabdites elegans
,
197

Cambrian: age of,
55
; Explosion,
6
,
8
,
15
,
31
–
32
,
34
,
162
,
174
,
179
,
185
,
193
,
197
,
222
–
223
; fossils in,
6
,
9
–
14
,
33
,
140
,
148
,
179
,
plate 8
; Period,
6
,
13
,
164
,
173
–
174
,
178
–
179
,
192
–
193
,
196
; System,
13

Canfield, Don,
102
,
105
,
157
–
158
,
160
,
219

carbon,
75
,
243
; cycle of,
21
–
23
,
49
,
68
,
104
,
135

—early Proterozoic,
93

—of lakes,
100

—late Archean,
101

—late Proterozoic,
209
,
223

carbon-14 (
¹⁴
C),
54

carbonate(s),
36
–
39
,
41
–
42
,
44
,
49
,
57
,
59
,
69
,
93
,
109
,
118
–
119
,
141
,
173
; in AHL-84001,
228
–
229
; cap,
206
,
208
,
209
,
212
; isotopic composition of,
46
,
49
; seafloor precipitates of,
59
,
119
–
120
,
209
,
229
; use in skeletons,
162
–
163
,
174
–
176
,
185

carbon dioxide (CO
₂
),
21
–
22
,
75
,
84
,
107
,
135
,
209
,
212
–
215
,
220
,
234
,
241

carbon isotopes,
47
,
97
,
105
–
106
,
208
; in 3.7–3.8-billion-year-old rocks,
70
–
71
; associated with late Proterozoic ice ages,
209
,
211
,
213
–
214
,
218
; in Barberton rocks,
64
; fractionation of,
47
,
99
–
101
; in Gunflint rocks,
93
; in late Archean and early Proterozoic rocks,
99
–
100
; at Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary,
219
; in Spitsbergen rocks,
47
–
48
; in Warrawoonah rocks,
64

Carr, Michael,
238

Carroll, Sean,
197

Catling, David,
104
–
105

Cech, Thomas,
77

chancellorids,
10

Charnia
,
168

Charniodiscus
,
167
–
168

Charnwood Forest, England,
168

chemosynthesis,
21
,
29
,
64
; antiquity of,
69

Chengjiang Fauna,
192

Chen Menge,
143

chert,
39
; in Archean successions,
56
,
61
–
63
,
69
; in Bil’yakh rocks,
110
–
120
; in Doushantuo rocks,
143
,
146
; in Gunflint rocks,
90
–
93
; in Spitsbergen rocks,
37
,
39
,
43
–
44