Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France (65 page)

Lally-Tollendal, Trophime-Gérard de, 142, 145

Lamarche (executed forger), 251

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 49, 57, 256

Lamballe, Marie-Thérése, princesse de, 143–4, 290

Lameth brothers, 23–5, 62, 80

Lameth, Alexandre de, 71, 81, 107, 117

Lameth, Charles de, 71

Lameth, marquise de, 70

Lameth, Mme Charles de (‘Dondon’), 71, 80–1, 122, 268, 277

Lameth, Théodore de, 153

Lamothe, Étienne de, 263

Lanthenas, François, 87

La Révelliére, Louis, 348

La Tour du Pin, Lucy de: on French anglophilia, 22; on status of women, 68; describes Thérésia Cabarrus, 69; watches National Assembly meetings, 70; maid advised to dress down, 151; on Paris life after king’s execution, 168; breast-feeds baby in Bordeaux, 205; on popular fear in Bordeaux, 226; and Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 265–6, 272–3, 278–9; appeals to Tallien, 268–9, 272–3, 349; and Bordeaux
représentants
’ luxuries, 274; Thérésia secures passport for, 275; leaves for America, 279; with Talleyrand in USA, 343; returns to France from USA and visits Thérésia, 347–8; trapped by Fructidor coup, 349

Launay, Bernard René, marquis de, 49n

Laval, Pauline de, 73

La Vallette, chevalier Maynard de, 113, 116, 230

Lebas, Joseph, 299

Lebrun, Charles, 370

Leclerc, Théophile, 201–2, 230–2, 239, 294

Lecocq (Manon Roland’s cook), 248

Lecointre, Citoyenne, 194

Legendre, Louis, 127–8

Lenormant, Amélie, 359, 361

Léon, Pauline: attends National Assembly, xxv; social status and background, xxv, 31, 71, 90; mistrusts Lafayette, 33, 41, 101, 189; and October women’s march on Versailles, 41–2; presents petition to National Assembly, 44; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61, 71, 81; attends Cordeliers’ Club, 71; feminism, 89, 118; public activities, 90, 190–1, 202, 388; protests at king’s attempted flight, 99; arrested after Champs de Mars massacre, 101–2, 173; membership of Minimes, 119; in demonstration before Tuileries, 127; marches to fight at Tuileries, 132; signs petition for Louis XVI’s death, 166; forms Société des Rétienne de, 263 Lanthenas, François, 87 La Révelliére, Louis, 348 La Tour du Pin, Lucy de: on French anglophilia, 22; on status of women, 68; describes Thérésia Cabarrus, 69; watches National Assembly meetings, 70; maid advised to dress down, 151; on Paris life after king’s execution, 168; breast-feeds baby in Bordeaux, 205; on popular fear in Bordeaux, 226; and Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 265–6, 272–3, 278–9; appeals to Tallien, 268–9, ´publicaines-Révolutionnaires, 189–90; praises 1793 convention, 196; resists domesticity, 205; enforces wearing of tricolour cockades, 225; opposes Jacobins and Robespierre, 229–30; breach with Rose Lacombe, 230; marries Leclerc, 230, 239, 294; gives up activism for domestic life, 239, 385; later arrest and imprisonment (1794), 294; released after Robespierre’s death, 301; and women rioters, 321; and women’s rights, 385

Leopold II, Emperor of Austria: and arrest of Théroigne, 112–13, 116

Lepeletier, Félix, 80, 167, 266, 276

Lepeletier, Michel, 167, 199, 271

Le Rebours, Marie-Angélique:
Advice to Mothers Who Wish to Nurse Their Infants
, 205

Levasseur, René, 305, 308

Leveson Gower, Lord Granville (
later
1st Earl Granville), 129, 341

Liberty: iconography, 259, 291, 345

Locke, John, 271

Louis XV, King of France: Diderot satirizes, 56

Louis XVI, King of France: dismisses Necker, 3–4; popular hostility to, 5; working women petition, 31–2, 38; holds banquet for Flanders regiment, 34–5; and reformed constitution, 34; agrees to sign Declaration of Rights of Man, 39; marriage relations, 56; celebrates anniversary of fall of Bastille, 73; as David’s patron, 75; attempted flight and return to Paris, 99–101; signs constitution and Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 104, 388; relations with Brissotins, 124; bodyguard disbanded, 126; dismisses Brissotin ministry, 126–7; employs veto, 126, 128; Manon Roland denounces, 126; popular demonstration against in Tuileries, 128; and National Assembly’s assumption of power, 129; calls for overthrow of, 130; loses throne, 132, 138; imprisoned in Temple (Paris), 139; regalia melted down, 149; fate discussed in National Convention, 165–7; condemned and executed, 166–8, 183, 249

Louis XVIII, King of France, 390

Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin (Louis XVI’s son), 227

Louis-Philippe, King of France, 70

Louvet, Jean-Baptiste, 164, 175, 211, 285, 313

Luxembourg prison, Paris, 215, 292–3

Lyon: unrest in, 227–8; Fouché’s repressions in, 258, 265; women petition against bloodshed, 275

Macaulay, Catherine, 87

Maillard, Mlle (singer), 259

Maillard, Stanislas, 36–8

Maillebois, comte, 112

Manuel, Louis-Pierre, 11, 142, 146

Marat, Jean-Paul: attacks ruling classes, 34; attacks Jacobins, 62; on need for violence, 98, 141; Pauline Léon reads newspaper, 102; in National Convention, 149; opposes Girondins, 159, 162; in campaign against Roland, 163; criticizes Dumouriez, 164; Olympe de Gouges attacks, 166, 254; appearance and style, 172–3; radicalism and cult, 172–3; Pauline Léon supports, 191; defends Théroigne from assault, 193; stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday, 196–9; view of women, 218

Marcourt, 111

Maréchal, Sylvain:
The Last Judgement of the Kings
(play), 245–6

Marengo, battle of (1800), 375 Marie-Antoinette, Queen of Louis XVI: dress, 9; visits Rousseau’s grave, 17; receives deputations of women, 33; welcomes guards’ banquet, 35; crowds attack in Versailles, 39–40; Austrians defend, 52; marriage relations, 56; reputation for debauchery, 56; and celebration of fall of Bastille, 74; attempted flight and return to Paris, 99–100; despises Lafayette, 104, 129; and French war with Austria, 124; abused in Tuileries, 128; imprisoned in Temple (Paris), 139; refuses Mme de Staël’s rescue offer, 139; and murder of princesse de Lamballe, 143; portrayed as unmotherly, 205; executed, 245, 254; disparaged, 254–5

Marie-Christine, Archduchess of Austria (Leopold II’s sister), 116 marriage: and infidelity, 68–9

‘Marseillaise’ (song), 130

Mathiez, Albert, 388

Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, 20, 73, 144, 168, 226, 257, 300, 307, 345

Mercure National
(journal), 61

Mére Duchesne
(satire), 105

Méricourt, Théroigne de
see
Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne-Josèphe

Metternich, Prince Clemens Lothar Wenzel (
earlier
Count Metternich-Winneburg), 113, 381

Michelet, Jules, 256, 387

Mignon, Mlle (clavichord teacher), 248

Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riquetti, comte de, 23, 55, 62, 71–2, 81, 165

Momoro, Antoine, 257–8, 281

Momoro, Sophie, 256–8

Monge, Gaspard, 140

Monic, Femme, 202–3

Moniteur
(newspaper), 189

Moniteur Universel
, 255

Montagnards (group), 149, 161–2, 166, 193, 195, 199

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de, 22

Montmorency, Adrien de, 382

Montmorency, Mathieu de: in de Staël circle, 20, 390–1; political views, 23; in Club of the Rights of Man, 71; admires Pauline de Laval, 73; in hiding, 137; with Narbonne in exile, 153; witnesses Louis XVI’s execution and flees, 168; Mme de Staël rescues from France, 330; Mme de Staël stays at chateau, 335; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 382

Montmorin, Mme de, 23

Moore, Dr John: visits and comments on revolutionary France, 131, 133, 137, 139–40, 147–8, 151; on Danton, 158; admires Roland, 163; on Robespierre, 164–5

Moreau, General Jean, 377, 380

Morris, Gouverneur, 3, 9, 15–16, 20–1, 36, 80, 313

Mounier, Jean-Joseph, 38

Munroe, James, 313

Murat, Caroline (Napoléon’s sister), 381
muscadins
(
jeunesse dorée
), 305–6, 309–10, 320

Napoléon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: tutored by Talma, 59; friendship with Barras, 325; and Thérésia Cabarrus, 325–6, 386; meets and courts Rose de Beauharnais (Joséphine), 326, 337; suppresses Paris rebels (1795), 336; marriage to Joséphine, 338; campaign in Italy, 339–40, 342; jealousy, 339; supports Barras in coup, 349; effect on Mme de Staël, 350–2, 370; returns to Paris from Italy, 350; expedition to Egypt, 352–3, 366, 368; ambition to lead France, 367; returns from Egypt and becomes First Consul in Brumaire coup, 368–70; bans Joséphine from seeing Thérésia Cabarrus, 372; borrows from Ouvrard, 372, 375; excludes
merveilleuses
from society, 372–3; occupies Tuileries apartments, 373–4; portrayed in
Zoloé
, 374; dominance after Marengo victory, 375; dislikes Mme de Staël, 376; view of women, 376–7, 379, 385; banishes Mme de Staël, 378–9; voted consul for life, 378; Civil Code, 379; declared emperor, 379; divorce from Joséphine, 379; Juliette Récamier resists advances, 381; bans Juliette Récamier’s return to Paris, 382; refuses help to bankrupt Jacques Récamier, 382; despotism, 389; defeat and downfall, 390

Narbonne, Louis, comte de: relations with Mme de Staël, 14–16, 76, 79, 106, 154; commands National Guard in Besançon, 34; appointed Minister for War, 106; dismissed, 107; fathers child with Mme de Staël, 107, 154; survives attack on Tuileries, 137; flees France for England, 138–9; and Mme de Staël’s escape from Paris, 153; Manon Roland accused of corresponding with, 168; ends relationship with Mme de Staël, 329–30; affair with Montmorency’s mother, 331; joins Napoléon, 371

Narbonne-Pelet, Mme du
see
Tallien, Thermidor-Rose-Thérésia

National Assembly (
later
Constituent Assembly and Legislative Assembly): meets in Tuileries, xix, 25; Théroigne observes, xxii, 51, 54, 62–3; deputies invited to salons, 24; name changes, 24n; on citizenship, 53; women attend and observe, 70; and Tennis Court Oath, 72; Manon Roland criticizes, 89, 98; dismisses king as irrelevant, 100; and signing of 1791 constitution, 104; election of deputies, 106; Narbonne addresses, 106–7; Palm d’Aelders addresses, 120; and popular demonstration before Tuileries, 127–8; assumes executive power (1792), 129, 132; suspends monarchy, 132; reinstates Brissotin ministry, 140; replaced by National Convention, 148

National Convention: formed, 132; elections (September 1792), 148; debates punishment for September massacres, 162; considers fate of king, 165–7; votes to indict members, 177; adopts new constitution ( June 1793), 195–6; expels Girondins, 210; Pauline Léon calls for re-election, 230; reaffirms freedom of worship, 258;
Représentants
in provinces, 264–5; Thérésia Cabarrus’s discourse on women delivered to, 286; and bread riots, 321; approves new constitution (1795), 324, 334–5

National Guard: Lafayette commands, 33, 39–40

naturalism, 58–9

Necker, Jacques: as father of Mme de Staël, xx; dismissed, 3–6; recalled, 6–7; on Mirabeau, 23; sells house to Récamier, 264, 362; on French proscribed list of emigrants, 334; leaves money in France, 334; and French invasion of Switzerland, 352; meets Napoléon, 375

Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount, 353

Nile, battle of the (1798), 353

Noailles, Nathalie de, 69

Notre Dame, Paris: as Temple of Reason, 256

nuns: abused and beaten, 78

Orateur du peuple
(journal), 141

Orléans, Philippe, duc d’ (Philippe-Égalité): owns Palais Royal, 4; popularity, 6; and October women’s march on Versailles, 52; as patron of liberal Club, 71; relations with Mme de Genlis, 76; and succession to Louis XVI, 77; daughter emigrates to London, 104; represented in pack of cards, 122; Tallien denounces, 151; votes for Louis XVI’s execution, 167

Outram, Dorinda, 218–20, 388

Ouvrard, Gabriel, 268, 313, 354, 367, 372, 375, 379, 382

Ozouf, Mona, 30, 121

Paine, Thomas: Mme de Staël’s acquaintance with, 20; Manon Roland admires, 88; on American independence, 97, 149; collaborates on
The Republican
, 99; co-authors constitution, 195

Palais Royal: as political centre, 4–5

Palm d’Aelders, Etta, 61, 102, 120

Palmer, Robert, 279

Pange, François de, 336

Paris: population and conditions, xxiii, 29–30; food shortages, 34–6, 171, 226, 279–80, 320–1; revolutionary disorder in, 130; Insurrectionary Commune formed (August 1792), 131; threatened by Austria and Prussia, 131, 142; and attack on Tuileries (August 1792), 132–3, 137; September massacres (1792), 142, 147–8, 158–60, 162; radicalization, 190; under the Terror, 287–8; temporary prisons, 289; mortality rates (1794–5), 310; post-Terror life, 314–17; public balls, 317–18, 366; condition of poor in, 320; Mme de Staël’s salon in, 333; prostitutes, 346;
see also
France