Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France (66 page)

Paris, Bishop of, 38

Pasquier, Étienne-Denis, 150

Patriote Français (publication), 58, 87, 89

Père Duchesne (newspaper), 30, 75, 105, 124, 163, 171, 211

Pétion, Jérôme: as deputy in Estates-General, 23; Théroigne’s friendship with, 52, 77, 88; Rolands introduced to, 88; and king’s attempted flight, 99–100; Robespierre visits, 101; as mayor of Paris, 104, 107, 127, 190; attends market porters party, 119; on women in public life, 120; disperses crowd at Tuileries, 128; and Lafayette’s attempt to control Paris, 129; Roland writes to requesting extra security for prisons, 158–9; Manon Roland’s view of, 160; on Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; attempts to raise resistance to Robespierre’s regime, 211; flees to Normandy, 222; in hiding with Buzot, 252; suicide, 252; and Sophie Momoro, 257

Pétion, Mme Jérôme, 222

Petit Gautier
(journal), 124

Petite Post
, 341

Philippe-Égalité
see
Orléans, Philippe, duc d’

Phlipon, Gatien and Marguerite (Mme Roland’s parents), 90–1, 95–6

Phrygian caps (
bonnets rouges
), 191, 236–7, 239

Pinel, Philippe, 387

Pitt, William, the younger, 234, 309
poissard
(slang dialect) and

poissardes
(market women), 30, 37, 41, 200, 225, 237

Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de, 13, 346

prisons: temporary, 289; life in, 292–3;
see also
individual prisons

prostitutes: murdered, 143–4; denounced, 234; in Paris, 346–7

Prudhomme, Louis-Marie, 43–4, 57, 274

Prussia: declares war on France (1792), 130–1; besieges and captures Verdun, 141–2, 159; army advances into France, 228

Quiberon, 322–3

Récamier, Jacques-Rose, 181–5, 313, 358, 364, 382

Récamier, Juliette (
née
Bernard): as schoolgirl, xxvi; friendship with Mme de Staël, xxvii, 362–4, 374, 382; background, 181–3; marriage, 181, 183–4, 357–8; attracts admirers, 261–2, 366–7, 386; social success, 357–61, 366, 382; relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, 358–9; qualities and character, 359–60, 386; appearance, 360, 365; entertaining, 364–5; portraits of, 365–6; and Lucien Bonaparte, 361–2, 368; attends masked ball, 373; and Napoléon’s banishment of Mme de Staël, 378; views Napoléon as tyrant, 380; visits England, 380; resists Napoléon’s advances, 381–2, 389; love for Chateaubriand, 382, 386; influence, 385; returns to Paris after Napoléon’s downfall, 386

Renault, Cécile, 288–9

Republican, The
(journal), 99

Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas Edmé, 11

Reubell, Jean-François, 348

Revolutionary Tribunal: formed (1793), 172; Danton on, 281; summons prisoners, 293

Révolutions de Paris
, 121–2, 238

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 312n

Riballier, Philibert, 12

Ribbing, Count Adolf von, 331

Rivarol, Antoine, 82

Robert, François, 61, 89, 101

Robert, Louise, 61, 89, 101

Robespierre, Augustin, 298

Robespierre, Maximilien: attends National Assembly, xx-xxi; supposed relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, xx, 81; influenced by Rousseau, 17; political views, 23–4, 161; invited to Necker’s Versailles residence, 24; and women’s march on Versailles, 38; champions universal male suffrage, 53; influence on Théroigne, 55; Thérésia Cabarrus entertains, 72; Rolands meet, 88; and king’s attempted flight, 99; speaks at Jacobin Club, 101; Manon Roland corresponds with, 103, 125–6, 217, 244; honoured, 104; on election of deputies, 106; as public prosecutor, 107; differences with Brissot, 117, 123, 126; opposes war with Austria, 117, 123; on overthrow of king, 130; serves on Insurrectionary Commune in Paris, 131; leads Paris Commune, 139; view of women, 140, 217–18, 285–6, 291; on threat from traitors, 141; accuses Brissot of conspiring with Brunswick, 147; elected to National Convention, 148–9; speeches, 150; dress, 152, 164, 291, 297; Manon Roland’s view of, 160, 244; opposes Mme Roland’s federalist proposals, 161; ruthlessness, 162; dispute with Louvet over personality cult, 164; women support, 164; urges death of Louis XVI, 165; Olympe de Gouges disparages, 166, 254; proclaims the people never wrong, 172; calls for action against corrupt deputies, 174; Pauline Léon supports, 191; exploits Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 194; serves on Committee of Public Safety, 199; Manon Roland describes in memoirs, 216–17; and war preparations, 228; Républicaines-Révolutionnaires oppose, 229–30, 232; Lacombe warns, 234; accused of inaction, 246; sanctions executions, 253; opposes anticlericalism, 258, 290; justifies Terror, 279, 300; rule and arbitrary power, 279, 289, 296–7; hostility to political rivals, 281; Jullien writes to on Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 285; signs warrant for Thérésia Cabarrus’s arrest, 287; bodyguards, 288; assassination attempt on, 289; presides over Festival of the Supreme Being, 290–1; orders Thérésia Cabarrus imprisoned in common cells, 292; paranoia, 296–7; downfall and execution, 297–301, 308, 389; assessed, 299–300; bourgeois morality, 314

Robinson, Mary, 10

Rocher, Mercier du, 265

Roland, Eudora (Manon’s daughter), 97, 169, 174, 176, 205, 215–16

Roland de la Platière, Jean-Marie: social position, 86; Manon meets and marries, 95–6; post in Amiens, 96; returns to Le Clos, Lyon, 103; and Buzot, 104; moves to Paris, 107; as Minister of Interior, 108, 124, 158, 163; resigns, 126–7, 169; reinstated, 140, 157; elected to National Convention, 149; Tallien attacks, 151; Danton respects, 158; impotence in September massacres, 158–9, 162; warrant for arrest, 159–60, 174–6; qualities, 160; campaign against, 163; on fate of king, 165; fears arrest and death, 169–70, 174; and Manon’s love for Buzot, 170, 174, 220; Pauline Léon’s hostility to, 191; flees Paris on arrest of Manon, 209; outlawed, 244; suicide on hearing of Manon’s death, 252, 256

Roland, Manon: attends National Assembly, xxiii–iv; and Théroigne, 56; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; on abuse of nuns, 78; anti-monarchist views, 85–6, 100; political involvement, 85–6, 89–90, 125, 218–19, 249, 388; appearance and character, 86–7, 94, 160; on role of women, 88, 93–4, 217–18; coterie, 89–90; criticizes National Assembly, 89, 98; background and education, 90–3, 182; marriage and child, 95–7; view of USA, 97–8; on downfall of king, 100; on Robespierre, 101; corresponds with Buzot and Robespierre, 103–4, 125, 217; leaves Paris for Le Clos (near Lyon), 103–4; returns to Paris, 107–8; on corrupt aristocrats, 108; and husband’s appointment as Minister of Interior, 108, 125, 158–9; on Robespierre’s antipathy to Brissot, 117; on king’s false support for war with Austria, 124; denounces king’s use of veto, 126; and husband’s resignation, 126–7; and threat of Austrian invasion, 130; on September massacres in Paris, 142, 158; hostility to Danton, 157–9; arrogance, 158; Marat insults, 163; interrogated by National Convention, 168; under threat, 169; love for Buzot, 170, 174, 214, 216, 220–1, 244, 251, 256, 267; protests to Convention against arrest of husband, 175–6; arrested and imprisoned, 176–7, 209–11; attitude to daughter, 205; letters from Buzot in prison, 211–12; mocked in
Père Duchesne
, 211; released, rearrested and imprisoned in Sainte-Pélagie, 212–16, 219–22, 243, 290; studies English, 215; and practice of virtue, 218–19; writing, 219–20; self-revelation, 243–4; attempts suicide, 244, 246; transferred to Conciergerie and interrogated, 248–9; qualities, 249; condemned and executed, 250–2, 254, 385; disparaged, 255; honoured as revolutionary muse, 256; and demotion of female figure of Liberty, 259; longing for rural life, 312; Barras declines invitation to dine, 345; on France awaiting master, 367; and women’s rights, 385;
Appel à l’impartiale postérité
(Memoirs), 158, 214, 216, 218, 243–4, 255–6

Romme, Gilbert, 53–4, 149, 195

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: on children’s dress, 9; ideas and influence, 11, 17–18, 20, 58; Mme de Staël admires, 16–17; on women, 18–19, 56–7, 85, 88, 93–4, 120; personal life, 19; influence on Manon Roland, 85, 91, 93, 243–4; Thérésia Cabarrus reads, 271;
Confessions
, 68, 91, 219;
Émile
, 18, 204;
La Nouvelle Héloïse
, 14, 17–18, 363;
The Social Contract
, 17

Roussel, Pierre-Joseph-Alexis, 202–3, 225

Roux, Jacques, 200–1, 230–1

Royalists: in post-Thermidor France, 320, 322–3; Jacobin hostility to, 335; in Directory, 343

Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, marquis de:
Zoloé
(attrib.), 375

Saint-Just, Antoine: urges death of Louis XVI, 165; on programme of Terror, 200; on education of boys and girls, 272, 344; supports Robespierre in repressions, 295–6; Théroigne appeals to from prison, 295; speech interrupted by Tallien, 298; executed, 299

Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin de, 362

Sainte-Pélagie prison, Paris, 213–15, 220–2, 243, 290

Salency, Picardy, 72

salons: character, 7

Sanson, Charles-Henri, 247, 253

Santerre, Antoine, 119–20, 122, 127, 131, 146, 158

Schama, Simon:
Citizens
, xxiii, 50, 98–9

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 382

Sélys, Mme de, 112

Sénart (revolutionary agent), 386

Sennett, Richard, 8

September massacres
see
Paris

Sercey, Henriette de, 104

Seymour, Miranda:
The Bugatti Queen
, 274n

Sièyes, Emmanuel Joseph, abbé: friendship with Théroigne, 52; on property and civil status, 53; La Vallette insults, 113; at La Chaumière, 313; alliance with Barras, 368; and Brumaire coup, 369; drafts 1799 constitution, 370; champions women’s rights, 389;
What is the Third Estate?
, 52

Simonard, Pierre, 182

Soboul, Alfred, 229

Social Circle (club), 61, 89, 102

Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 189–91, 193–4, 196, 199, 200–2, 206, 225, 229–31, 233, 236, 239, 254, 385

Society of the Friends of the Constitution
see
Jacobin Club

Society of the Friends of the Law, 53–4, 62

Society of the Friends of the Negroes, 87

Staël, Albert de (Germaine-Narbonne’s son), 154

Staël, Auguste de, 332, 379

Staël, Éric Magnus de, 14–15, 24, 67, 107, 329, 332–3, 336

Staël, Germaine de: appearance, dress and character, xix-xx, 8, 13–14, 366; Benjamin Constant and, xx, 331–3, 342; salon and social/intellectual life, 3, 7–8, 10–11, 19–21, 23, 25, 69, 71, 76, 218, 333–4, 378; on causes of French evolution, 5; and father’s dismissal and recall, 6–7; plays game of ‘the Boat’, 10; conversation, 11, 13; on influence and role of women, 12–13, 42, 345; marriage and lovers, 14–15, 67, 106; welcomes revolution, 16; political views, 24–5, 79–80; on royal veto, 25, 34; and women’s march on Versailles, 37; resents discrimination, 49; and Théroigne, 52, 55–6; and Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; on inappropriate marriages, 68; attends National Assemby, 70; elitist views, 71–2; on emigration, 79; satirized, 79; on Social Circle, 89; admires Rousseau, 93; on misuse of words, 103; in Coppet, Switzerland, 106, 153–4, 329–31, 342, 352, 354; child (Albert) by Narbonne, 107, 137, 153–4; represented in pack of cards, 122; on Brissotin ministry, 124; witnesses king’s last public appearance, 129; aids Narbonne’s escape from revolutionaries, 138–9; plan to save royal family, 139; arranges release of Lally-Tollendal and Jaucourt, 142, 145; detained on attempting to flee, 145–6; succeeds in reaching Switzerland, 147; visits Juniper Hall, Surrey, 154; disavows public activities, 217; influence on Thérésia Cabarrus, 277; on Robespierre, 297; favours Tallien, 308; Narbonne withdraws from, 329–30; returns to Paris (1795), 329, 332–3; helps escaping friends, 330; mother’s death, 332; leaves Paris for Montmorency’s chateau, 335; political involvement, 335, 388; returns to Switzerland (1796), 336; arrives in Paris (May 1797), 343; pregnancy and birth of daughter, 343; intrigues, 344, 349, 354; and Talleyrand’s return from USA, 344; Barras dines with, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; helps royalist friends after Fructidor, 349–50; adulation of Napoléon, 350–2, 370; and French annexation of Switzerland, 352–3; illicit visits to Paris, 354, 367; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 362–4, 374, 382; and Brumaire coup, 368–9; and Constant’s appointment as tribune, 370; attacked in press, 371; on former lovers, 371; ostracized by society, 372; on Talleyrand’s marriage, 373; and battle of Marengo, 375; Napoléon dislikes, 376; formally exiled from France, 378, 389; demand for women’s rights, 385, 389; influence under restoration, 390–1; secret marriage (1811), 390; travels, 90; withholds support for Napoléon, 390; death, 391;
Corinne
, 13, 365;
Delphine
, 363, 371, 378;
How Can We Determine What is the Opinion of the Majority of the Nation?
, 79;
Letters on Jean-Jacques Rousseau
, 16, 68, 362;
On Germany
, 382, 390;
On the Influence of Passions on the Happiness of Individuals and Nations
, 330;
On Literature
, 13, 374;
Reflections on Peace Addressed to Mr Pitt and to the French
, 332;
Reflections on the Trial of the Queen, by a Woman
, 245