Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires (110 page)

52. The idea of Queen Mary being kidnapped by the Germans was not so far-fetched. A few months earlier, the Germans had unsuccessfully tried to capture Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, who fled to safety in England.

53. Duff,
Queen Mary
, p. 229.

54. Queen Elizabeth to Queen Mary, September 13, 1940, QM/PRIV/CC12/135, the Royal Archives, quoted in
Queen Elizabeth
, Shawcross, pp. 522–523.

55. Ibid
.

56. Diary entry of Queen Mary, December 19, 1939, in
Queen Mary
, Pope-Hennessy, p. 602.

57. Queen Mary to Archduke Robert, undated, 1941, in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 286.

58. Empress Zita to Queen Mary, undated, RA GVCC 45/1256, the Royal Archives, quoted in ibid., p. 287. In the original letter and in Brook-Shepherd, Zita addressed Mary as “
Chère Cousine, Sa Majesté la Reine-Mère d’Angleterre
.”

59. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 394.

60. Queen Mary to Edward, Duke of Windsor, August 31, 1942, RA EDW/PRIV/MAINB/156, the Royal Archives, quoted in
Queen Elizabeth
, Shawcross, p. 552.

61. Edward, Duke of Windsor, to King George VI, September 15, 1942, RA GVI/PRIV/RF/11, in ibid.

62. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 403.

63. “Queen Mary,”
British Medical Journal
, vol. 1, no. 4813 (April 4, 1953), p. 772.

64. British succession laws required men to precede women, regardless of their birth order, to inherit the throne. Only in instances when the monarch or heir apparent had no sons (in the cases of George VI and Queen Victoria’s father the Duke of Kent) could women ascend the throne. This was changed on October 28, 2011, at the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Australia when Queen Elizabeth II and the sixteen Commonwealth leaders agreed to give women equal succession rights with men. The new succession law is not retroactive, and the queen emphasized it only applies to the descendants of Charles, Prince of Wales. As such, should the current Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have a daughter, followed by a son, their daughter would become heiress and eventually queen regnant.

65. Queen Mary to King George VI, March 6, 1944, RA GVI/PRIV/RF/11, in
Queen Elizabeth
, Shawcross, p. 579.

66. “The Queen and Prince Philip,”
Hello! Canada
, no. 217 (May 16, 2011), p. 112.

67. Brandreth,
Philip and Elizabeth
, p. 104.

68. Bradford,
George VI
, p. 560.

69. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 407.

70. Anderson, “The Royals,” p. 52.

71. Princess Elizabeth to May Elphinstone, November 18, 1948, RA QEQM/OUT/ELPHINSTONE, in
Queen Elizabeth
, Shawcross, p. 637.

72. Pope-Hennessy,
Queen Mary
, p. 617.

73. US Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States of America
, 1952–1954 (Washington DC: GPO), vol. 10, p. 280. Acheson did not actually write his note regarding British solvency until November 1951, well after India’s independence. At the time, Acheson was describing Britain’s foreign policy toward its former imperial territories and protectorates in the Middle East, specifically Iran. The sentiment describing the end of the British imperial era is still appropriate.

74. Anderson, “The Royals,” p. 59.

75. Bradford,
George VI
, p. 525.

76. Farquhar,
Behind the Palace Doors
, p. 297.

77. Shawcross,
Queen Elizabeth
, p. 651.

78. Diary entry of Queen Mary, February 6, 1952, in Shawcross,
Queen Elizabeth
, p. 654.

79. Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth, February 7, 1952, in RA QEQM/PRIV/RF, the Royal Archives, quoted in
Queen Elizabeth
, Shawcross, p. 655.

80. Pope-Hennessy,
Queen Mary
, p. 620.

81. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 414.

82. Brandreth,
Philip and Elizabeth
, p. 216.

83. Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth, February 7, 1952, RA QEQM/PRIV/RF, the Royal Archives, quoted in
Queen Elizabeth
, Shawcross, p. 656.

84. Anderson, “The Royals,” p. 56.

85. Channon,
Chips
, p. 464.

86. Edwards,
Matriarch
, p. 415.

87. Shawcross,
Queen Elizabeth
, p. 676.

88. Ottawa Citizen
, March 23, 1953.

89. Duff,
Queen Mary
, p. 241.

90. Shawcross,
Queen Elizabeth
, p. 676.

30: The Last Empress

1. Letter of Empress Zita, May 6, 1941, Habsburg Family Archives, Cassette No. 23, File 861 in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 284.

2. The Earl of Athlone was the former Prince Alexander (“Alge”) of Teck, Queen Mary’s brother. Along with many other members of the British royal family, Alge renounced his German titles in 1917 and adopted the surname Cambridge along with the title Earl of Athlone. He married George V’s cousin Princess Alice of Albany in 1904.

3. Princess Alice of Albany,
For My Grandchildren: Some Reminiscences of H.R.H. Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
(London: Evans Brothers, 1966), p. 257.

4. Thomas, “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
, p. 6.

5. Dr. Otto von Habsburg to Gordon Brook-Shepherd, November 1, 2000, in
Uncrowned Emperor
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 178.

6. Archduke Otto to Queen Mary, undated, January 1951, RA GV/CC 45 No. 1708, the Royal Archives, quoted in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 315.

7. Felix married Princess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg in 1952; Rudolf married twice, first to the Russian noblewoman Countess Xenia Besobrasova in 1953 (she died in 1968), and later to Princess Anna von Wrede on 1971; Robert married Princess Margharita of Savoy-Aosta in 1953; and Charlotte married Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg, in 1956. Zita’s eldest daughter, Archduchess Adelheid, never married.

8. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 315.

9. Empress Zita to Gordon Brook-Shepherd, June 28, 1982, in
The Last Empress
, Brook-Shepherd, p. 322.

10. Glasgow Herald
, May 15, 1982.

11. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 322.

12. Thomas, “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
, p. 1.

13. Brook-Shepherd,
The Last Empress
, p. 323.

14. Ibid., p. 326.

15. Ibid., p. 327.

16. Dr. Otto von Habsburg to Gordon Brook-Shepherd, December 17–19, 1990, in ibid., p. 328.

17. Michelle Green, Ellen Wallace, and Jonathan Cooper, “Europe’s Heads, Crowned and Otherwise, Bury Zita, the Last Habsburg Empress,”
People
, April 17, 1989, accessed March 4, 2012,
http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/00003000320120043000300.html

18. Tony Judt,
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
(New York: Penguin Books, 2005), pp. 2–3.

19. Green, Wallace, and Cooper, “Europe’s Heads, Crowned and Otherwise, Bury Zita, the Last Habsburg Empress,”
People
, April 17, 1989, accessed March 4, 2012,
http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/00003000320120043000300.html

20. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. 160.

21. New York Times
, April 2, 1989.

22. Thomas, “Empress Zita,”
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
,
p. 1.

Epilogue

1. Bogle,
A Heart for Europe
, p. iii.

2. Letter of Dr. Otto von Habsburg to the author, April 28, 2007.

3. For further information on Otto von Habsburg, the Duke of Windsor, King George VI, and the mystery of Grand Duchess Anastasia/Anna Anderson, consult the bibliography that follows.

4. Raffael Scheck,
Mothers of the Nation: Right-Wing Women in Weimar Germany
(New York: Berg Publishing, 2004), p. 11.

5. On the Official Website of the Imperial and Royal House of Hohenzollern, her name is given as Hermione. This is somewhat modern, as most pre-twenty-first-century sources refer to her as Hermine (
http://www.preussen.de/en/family/family_tree/william_ii._king_of_prussia__german_emperor.html
[viewed November 1, 2011]).

6. Cecil,
Wilhelm II
, p. 315.

7. Clark,
Kaiser Wilhelm II
, p. 355.

8. Shaw,
Royal Babylon
(Kobo desktop version), chap. 5, para. 19.

9. The June 3 flotilla was the largest assemblage of boats in history. The celebrations that day were also the largest England had seen since the reign of King Charles II in the 1660s.

10. Ibid., chap. 9, para. 109.

11. Wilson and King,
Resurrection of the Romanovs
, p. 98.

12. Death certificate of Anastasia Nicholaievna Manahan, February 12, 1984, Commonwealth of Virginia, certificate of death 203-256,
op. cit.
in
Resurrection of the Romanovs
, King and Wilson, p. 253. Anderson married American professor Dr. John “Jack” Manahan in 1968.

13. Wall Street Journal
, August 26, 2011.

Bibliography
 

PRIMARY SOURCES

P
ERIODICALS

Ashburton Guardian

Boston Evening Post

Daily Chronicle

Daily Express

Daily Mail

Daily Telegraph

Delo

Die Presse

Lewiston Evening Journal

Manchester Guardian

Neue Freie Presse

Newsweek Special Commemorative Issue: William & Catherine, A Royal Wedding

Ottawa Citizen

Providence News

Spokane Falls Daily Chronicle

The Glasgow Herald

The Guardian

The Lady

The Milwaukee Journal

The New York Times

The Palm Beach Post

The Times

Volkzeitung

U
NPUBLISHED
L
ETTERS AND
D
OCUMENTS

Personal Correspondence

Dr. Otto von Habsburg, letter to the author, April 28, 2007.

Austria

Vienna State Archives

Hausarchiv

Hofarchiv

Staatsarchiv

England

London Public Records Office

Parliamentary Archives

Southampton University Archives

Germany

Berliner Hauptarchiv

Brandenburg-Preussisches Hausarchiv

Langenburg Hausarchiv

Hohenlohe Letters

P
UBLISHED
D
IPLOMATIC AND
P
OLITICAL
D
OCUMENTS

MacCauley, Clay.
The Hohenzollern Dynasty; Motive and Movement.
Tokyo: n.p., 1916.

Rich, Norman and M. H. Fisher, eds.
The Holstein Papers
. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.

US Department of State.
Foreign Relations of the United States of America
, 1952-1954. Vol. 10. Washington DC: GPO.

P
UBLISHED
L
ETTERS AND
M
EMOIRS

Airlie, Mabel.
Thatched With Gold
. Edited by Jennifer Ellis. London: Hutchinson, 1962.

Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia.
Once a Grand Duke.
New York: Garden City Publishing, 1932.

Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia.
Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914-1916
. London: Duckworth, 1923.

Alice, Princess of Albany.
For My Grandchildren: Some Reminiscences of H.R.H. Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
. London: Evans Brothers, 1966.

Benson, Arthur and Reginald Brett, eds.
The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861
. Vol. 2. London: J. Murray, 1907.

Bentinck, Norah.
The Ex-Kaiser in Exile.
New York: George H. Doran, n.d.

Bernstein, Herman, ed.
The Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Tsar
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918.

Bing, Edward J., ed.
The Letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie: Being the Confidential Correspondence Between Nicholas II, Last of the Tsars, and His Mother, Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna
. London: Ivor Nicolson & Watson, 1937.

Birmingham, Stephen.
Duchess: The Story of Wallis Warfield Simpson
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1981.

Bismarck, Otto von.
Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman
. New York: Harper, 1898.

Bolitho, Hector, ed.
Further Letters of Queen Victoria: From the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia
. London: Thorton Butterwood, 1938.

Botkin, Gleb.
The Real Romanovs
. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1931.

Buckle, George Earle, ed.
The Letters of Queen Victoria: Third Series, A Selection From Her Majesty’s Correspondence and Journal Between the Years 1886 and 1901
. Vol. 3. London: John Murray, 1932.

Buxhoeveden, Sophie.
The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia.
London: Longmans, Green, 1928.

Channon, Henry.
Chips, the Diaries of Sir Henry Channon
. Edited by Robert Rhodes James. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967.

Cook, C. Kinloch, ed.
Her Royal Highness Princess Mary Adelaide Duchess of Teck: Based on Her Private Diaries and Letters.
Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900.

Davis, Arthur.
The Kaiser As I Know Him
. New York: Harper Brothers, 1918.

De Schelking, Eugene.
Suicide of Monarchy: Recollections of a Diplomat.
Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada, 1918.

Dehn, Lili.
The Real Tsaritsa
. London: Thornton Butterwork, 1922.

Edward, Duke of Windsor.
A King’s Story.
London: Cassell, 1951.

Eppinghoven, Ursula von.
Private Lives of the Kaiser and Kaiserin of Germany: Secret History of the Court of Berlin
. Vols. 1—3. New York: Henry W. Fischer, 1909.

Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Memoirs of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
. Vol. 4. London: Elibron Classics, 2005.

Eulalia, Infanta of Spain.
Courts and Countries After the War
. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925.

FitzGerald, Desmond.
Desmond’s Rising; Memoirs 1913 to Easter 1916.
Dublin: Liberties Press, 2006.

Fontenoy, Mme. la Marquise.
Secret Memoirs of William II of Germany and Francis Joseph of Austria
. Vol. 1. London: Hutchinson, 1900.

Fuhrmanm, Joseph T., ed.
The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra, April 1914-March 1917
. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1999.

George V, King of Great Britain.
The King to His People: Being the Speeches and Messages of His Majesty George V as Prince and Sovereign
. London: Williams & Norgate, 1911.

Gilliard, Pierre.
Thirteen Years at the Russian Court.
London: Hutchinson, 1921.

George, Robert.
Heirs of Tradition: tributes of a New Zealander
. Manchester, NH: Ayer Publishing, 1971.

Hamilton, Frederic.
The Vanished World of Yesterday.
London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1950.

Hanbury-Williams, John.
Emperor Nicholas II As I Knew Him
. London: Arthur L. Humphreys, 1922.

Hardinge, Charles.
Old Diplomacy.
London: John Murray, 1947.

Heltzendorff, Ernest von and William Le Queux.
The Secrets of Potsdam: A Startling Exposure of the Inner Life of the Courts of the Kaiser and Crown-Prince.
London: London Mail, n.d.

Hibbert, Christopher, ed.
Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals
. New York: Viking Penguin, 1985.

Horthy, Nicholas.
Memoirs
. Edited by Ilona Bowden. Safety Harbor, FL: Simon Publications, 2000.

Hough, Richard, ed.
Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse
. London: Heinemann, 1975.

Karolyi, Catherine.
A Life Together
. London: Allen & Unwin, 1966.

Kokovtsov, V. N.
Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov
. Translated by Laura Matveev. Edited by H. H. Fisher. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935

Lee, Arthur Gould, ed.
The Empress Frederick Writes to Sophie, Her Daughter, Crown Princess and Later Queen of the Hellenes. Letters 1889-1901.
London: Faber & Faber, 1955.

Leudet, Maurice.
The Emperor of Germany at Home
. Translated by Virginia Taylor. London: Hutchinson, 1898.

Lutz, Ralph Haswell, ed.
Fall of the German Empire, 1914-1918
. Vols. 1 and 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1932.

Luytens, Mary, ed.
Lady Lytton’s Court Diary
. London: Rupert Hart Davis, 1961.

Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia.
Education of a Princess: A Memoir
. New York: The Viking Press, 1931.

Marie, Queen of Romania.
The Story of My Life
. Vols. 1 and 2, 1934; Vol. 3, 1935. London: Cassell.

Marie Louise, Princess.
My Memories of Six Reigns
. London: Evans Brothers, 1956.

Mossolov, A. A.
At the Court of the Last Tsar
. Translated by E. W. Dickes. London: Methuen, 1935.

Mouchanow, Marfa.
My Empress: Twenty-Three Years of Intimate Life with the Empress of All the Russias from Her Marriage to the Day of Her Exile.
New York: John Lane, 1928.

Narishkin-Kurakin, Elizabeth.
Under Three Tsars: The Memoirs of the Lady-in-Waiting Elizabeth Narishkin-Kurakin
. Edited by René Fülöp-Miller. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1931.

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia.
Journal intime de Nicholas II
. Translated by Pierre Agrégé. Paris: Payot, 1925.

———.
Letters of the Tsar to the Tsaritsa, 1914-1917
. Translated by A. L. Hynes. London: Bodley Head, 1929.