Hitler and the Holocaust (38 page)

29.
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 564–66; Rudolf Höss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
(London, 1959). Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt,
Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present
(New York 1996), 236–353.

30.
Arad,
Documents
, 247–48. See Christian Gerlach, “Die Wannsee-Konferenz, das Schicksal der deutschen Juden und Hitler’s Grundsatzentscheidung, alle Juden zu ermordern”
Werkstattgeschichte
18 (1997): 29–30, notes that Frank’s speech virtually parrots Hitler’s remarks four days earlier, which Gerlach regards as the crucial moment in formalizing the “Final Solution.”

31.
Arad,
Documents
, 249.

32.
Berenbaum,
Witness
, 165–71. For the background, see Gerlach, “Wannsee-Konferenz,” 7–44; tr. in
Journal of Modern History
12 (1998): 759–812.

33.
Arad,
Documents
, 251.

34.
Ibid. On Luther, see Christopher Browning,
The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office
(New York, 1978), 76–81, 115–24, 158–61.

35.
Arad,
Documents
, 258–60.

36.
Jeremy Noakes, “The Development of Nazi Policy Towards the
German ‘Mischlinge,’ 1933–1945,”
LBIYB
34 (1989): 291–354; Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 316–33.

37.
About 520,000 Jews were murdered in Galicia, which together with the Lublin district has been the object of a number of important regional case studies. See Dieter Pohl,
Von der Judenpolitk zum Judenmord: Der Distrikt Lublin des Generalgouvernements 1933–1944
(Frankfurt, 1993) and
Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944
(Munich, 1997), 267–356. See also Thomas Sandkühler, “Endlösung,” in
Galizien
(Bonn, 1996), 166–289, and his article in Ulrich Herbert, ed.,
National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies
(New York, 2000), 104–27.

38.
Letter from Minsk, dated 16 December 1941;
Documents
, 408–9.

39.
Arad,
Documents
, 394.

40.
Ibid., 395.

41.
Daniel Carpi, “The Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin el-Husseini, and His Diplomatic Activity during World War II (October 1941-July 1943),”
Studies in Zionism
(summer 1983): 101–31; Philip Mattar,
The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement
(New York, 1991), 99–107. For a translation of his articles into Hebrew, see Zvi Elpeleg,
Me-Nekudat Reuto shel Ha-Mufti
(In the Eyes of the Mufti), (Tel Aviv, 1995), and
The Grand Mufti, Haj Amin al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement
(London, 1994).

42.
DGFP
series D, 13:201.

43.
Ibid., 202.

44.
Ibid., 203.

45.
Ibid.

46.
Ibid., 204.

47.
Ibid. For the Mufti’s ringing endorsement of Hitler’s attitude to the Palestine question, see
DGFP
, vol. 11 (London, 1961), 1153–54; for his antiSemitism and implication in the “Final Solution,” see Joseph Schechtman,
The Mufti and the Fuehrer (New
York, 1965), 154–58, which included transferring Jewish children to Poland where they would be under the Nazis’ “active supervision”; also Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 169–70, and Daniel Carpi, “The Diplomatic Negotiations over the Transfer
of Jewish Children from Croatia and Turkey to Palestine in 1943,”
Yad Vashem Studies
12 (1977): 109–24.

48.
Gerlach, “Wannsee-Konferenz,” 25–28.

49.
Ibid. For a critique of Gerlach’s theses, see Browning,
Nazi Policy
, 26–57.

50.
Burrin,
Hitler et les Juifs
, 140–42.

51.
Ibid., 141.

52.
According to secret SD reports, the German public interpreted Hitler’s speech to mean “that very soon the last Jew would be driven off European soil.” See O. D. Kulka, “Public Opinion in Nazi Germany: The Final Solution,”
The Jerusalem Quarterly 26
(winter 1983): 36.

53.
Louis Lochner, ed.,
The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–43
(New York, 1948), 114.

54.
Ibid., 138.

55.
Krausnick, “Persecution of the Jews,” 120.

56.
Ibid.

57.
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 454–56, for the background.

58.
Mario D. Fenyo,
Hitler, Horthy, and Hungary: German-Hungarian Relations (New
Haven, 1972), 129.

59.
Arad,
Documents
, 344–45.

60.
Ibid.

61.
Ibid. See Breitman,
Architect
, 242–43.

62.
Arad,
Documents
, 344. Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 659–61.

63.
Berenbaum,
Witness
, 177ff. See also Bradley Smith and Agnes Peterson, eds.,
Heinrich Himmler: Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945
(Frankfurt, 1974).

64.
Yehuda Bauer,
Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945
(New Haven, 1994), 102–15.

65.
Le Testament politique de Hitler
(Paris, 1959), 89.

66.
Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
(Washington, D.C. 1946), 6:260–63.

67.
Ibid.

68.
Dawidowicz
, War
, 18.

5. B
ETWEEN THE
C
ROSS AND THE
S
WASTIKA

1.
Mein Kampf, 206.

2.
Die Rede Adolf Hitler’s in der ersten grossen Massenversammlung
(Munich, 1925), 8.

3.
Ernst Boepple, ed.,
Adolf Hitler’s Reden
(Munich, 1933), 55–56.

4.
Mein Kampf
, 336. Speech of 12 April 1922, in Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn, eds.,
Hitler: Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1905–1924
(Stuttgart, 1980), 623.

5.
Klaus Scholder, “Judentum und Christentum in der Ideologie and Politik des Nationalsozialismus, 1919–1945” in Kulka, and Mendes-Flohr,
Judaism and Christianity
, 183–96; and his
A Requiem for Hitler
(London, 1989), 140–81.

6.
Speech in Munich, 17 December 1922, in Jäckel and Kuhn,
Hitler
, 770.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Ibid., 623.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Baynes,
Speeches
, 1:20 (12 August 1922).

11.
Friedrich Heer,
Der Glaube des Adolf Hitler: : Anatomie einer politischen Religiosität
(Munich, 1968); Robert Wistrich,
Between Redemption and Perdition
(London, 1990), 55–70.

12.
Friedrich Heer,
Gottes erste Liebe
(Munich, 1968).

13.
Mein Kampf
, 564–65. Dinter, a notorious anti-Semite, founded the
Geistchristliche Religionsgemeinschaft
, which sought to present Nazism as a second Protestant Reformation. See Kershaw,
Hitler
, 298.

14.
Kershaw,
Hitler
, 269. Wistrich,
Who’s Who
, 161–63.

15.
G. Pridham,
Hitler’s Rise to Power: The Nazi Movement in Bavaria, 1923–33
(London, 1973), 146–83; Ian Kershaw,
Der Hitler-Mythos
(Stuttgart, 1980), 37.

16.
Mein Kampf
, 65.

17.
Baynes,
Speeches
, 1:42 (10 April 1923).

18.
Mein Kampf
, 687; E. Calic, ed.,
Conversations with Hitler
(New York, 1971), 51; Kershaw,
Hitler
, 154–55.

19.
Margerete Plewnia,
Auf dem Weg zu Hitler: Der völkische Publizist Dietrich Eckart
(Bremen, 1970), 94–112.

20.
Auf Gut Deutsch
(Munich) 1 (1919): 18.

21.
Auf Gut Deutsch, 2
(1919): 554. See also Dietrich Eckart,
Der Bolshchewismus
von Moses bis Lenin: Zwiegespräch zwischen Adolf Hitler und mir
(Munich, 1924). The first to grasp the significance of this text and Eckart’s influence on Hitler was Ernst Nolte, “Eine Frühe Quelle zu Hitler’s Antisemitismus,”
Historische Zeitschrift
192 (1961): 584–606.

22.
John Conway, “The German Church Struggle and Its Aftermath,” in Abraham Peck, ed.,
Jews and Christians after the Holocaust
(Philadelphia, 1982), 42; Gutteridge, “German Protestantism,” 227–50; Theodore S. Hamerow,
On the Road to the Wolf’s Lair: German Resistance to Hitler
(Cambridge, Mass., 1999), 12–13, 52–54, 60–63, 95–96, 146–49, 151–58; Klaus Scholder,
The Churches and the Third Reich
(London, 1987), 1:99–119, 127–45, 189–218.

23.
Doris L. Bergen,
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
(Chapel Hill, 1996), 61–100.

24.
Eberhard Bethge,
Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theologe, Christ, Zeitgenosse
(Munich, 1967), 323, 557–59; Hamerow,
On the Road
, 160–62, 204–8.

25.
Robert Michael, “Theological Myth, German Antisemitism, and the Holocaust: The Case of Martin Niemöeller,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2.1 (1987): 105–22.

26.
Klauss Scholder,
Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich: Vorgeschichte und Zeit der Illusionen, 1918–1934
(Frankfurt, 1977), 1:116–23; Hamerow,
On the Road
, 195–202; Ronald J. Rychlak,
Hitler, the War, and the Pope
(Huntingdon, Ind., 2000), 43–69.

27.
Konrad Repgen, “Zur Vatikanischen Strategie beim Reichskonkordat,”
VJfZ
31 (1983): 506–35.

28.
Miccoli,
I Dilemmi, 286.

29.
B. Stasiewski,
Akten deutscher Bischöfe über die Lage der Kirche, 1933–1945
, vol. 1: 1933–1934 (Mainz, 1968), 101ff.

30.
Faulhaber’s sermons on the Bible appeared in English as
Judaism, Christianity, and Germany
(New York, 1935). His published papers were edited by Ludwig Volk,
Akten Kardinal von Faulhaber, 1917–1945
(Mainz, 1978).

31.
Ibid., 184–85; see also Phayer,
Catholic Church
, 15ff

32.
Scholder, “Judaism and Christianity,” 191.

33.
“Mit Brennender Sorge,”
Acta Apostolicae Sedis
29 (1937): 145–67; for Faulhaber’s draft, see Dieter Albrecht,
Der Notenwechsel zwischen
dem Heiligen Stuhl und der Deutschen Reichsregierung
, Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Zeitgeschichte, 1:402–43 (henceforth VKZ).

34.
Miccoli,
I Dilemmi
, 174–75, 178; Repgen, “Zur Vatikanischen Strategie,” 209–10.

35.
Ludwig Volk, ed.,
Akten deutscher Bischöfe über die Lage der Kirche, 1933–1945
, vol. 6:
1943–1945
, VKZg, Reihe Z: Quellen (Mainz, 1983), 34:675n1.

36.
Miccoli,
I Dilemmi
, 351.

37.
Ibid., 189.

38.
Ibid., 499n309; Volk,
Akten Kardinal
, doc. 799, p. 944.

39.
Miccoli,
I Dilemmi
, 195.

40.
Heinrich Portmann,
Kardinal von Galen: Ein Gottesmann seiner Zeit
, 16th ed. (Münster, 1978), 334–66.

41.
Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 262, 400–402.

42.
H. R. Trevor-Roper, ed.,
Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944
(London, 1973), 78–79.

43.
Ibid., 6–7.

44.
Ibid.

45.
Ibid.

46.
Ibid., 7.

47.
Ibid., 79.

48.
Ibid.

49.
Ibid., 78.

50.
Ibid., 143.

51.
Ibid., 314.

52.
Ibid.