Hitler and the Holocaust (36 page)

37.
Randall T. Bytwerk,
Julius Streicher (New
York, 1983); Kershaw,
Hitler
, 179, 560, 563–64; Fred Hahn,
Lieber Stürmer! Leserbriefe an das NS-Kampfblatt 1924 bis 1945
(Stuttgart, 1978), 84ff

38.
Robert G. Waite,
Hitler: The Psychopathic God (New
York, 1978), 448.

39.
Karl Dietrich Bracher,
The German Dictatorship
(London, 1991), 109–33, 195–213; Jochmann,
Gesellschaftskrise
, 117–54.

40.
Jochmann,
Gesellschaftskrise
, 265ff.; Silberner,
Kommunisten
, 268–70.

41.
Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(London, 1970), 138–63, 187–213.

42.
Walter Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural History
(London, 1974), 78–109; Anton Kaes et al., eds.,
The Weimar Republic Sourcebook
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1994), 119–44; Robert S. Wistrich,
Weekend in Munich: Art, Propaganda and Terror in the Third Reich
(London, 1996), 56ff.

43.
Bracher,
German Dictatorship
, 210–12; Winkler, “AntiSemitism,” 201ff.; Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 106–13. See also G. J. Giles,
Students and National Socialism in Germany
(Princeton, 1985), 44–90.

44.
Richard Hamilton,
Who Voted for Hitler?
(Princeton, 1982), 355–419; Thomas Childers,
The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1933
(Chapel Hill, 1983), 142–269.

45.
Bracher,
German Dictatorship
, 252–68. Henry A. Turner,
Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power: January 1933
(London, 1996), 135–83, shows that his victory was by no means inevitable.

46.
On the rampant antiSemitism in the German medical community, see Robert Proctor,
Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 131–76.

47.
“Racial Hygiene in Germany,”
The Times
(London), 7 April 1933.

48.
Entry of 10 January 1939 in Victor Klemperer,
Tagebücher 1933–1941
(Berlin, 1995), 1:456–57. The first volume was translated into English under the title
I Shall Bear Witness
and appeared in London in 1998.

49.
Ibid., 457. For a perceptive review of the second volume, see Daniel Johnson, “What Victor Klemperer Saw,”
Commentary
(June 2000), 44–50.

50.
On German Zionism, see Robert Weltsch,
Ja-Sagen zum Judentum
(Berlin, 1933), and his
Die deutsche Judenfrage: Ein kritischer Rückblick
(Königstein, 1981), 73–82. See also Jehuda Reinharz, ed.,
Dokumente zur Geschichte des deutschen Zionismus, 1882–1933
(Tübingen, 1981), 470–549, for the reactions of German Jewry and German Zionists. The most comprehensive analysis of the general Zionist response is in Daniel Frankel,
Al pnei Tehom: Ha Mediniut Ha-Tsionit ve-she’elat yehudei Germania, 1933–1938
(Jerusalem, 1994), 63–154. On Nazi policy toward Zionism and Palestine, see David Yisraeli, “The Third Reich and Palestine,”
Middle Eastern Studies
7.3 (October 1971): 343–53, and his
Ha-Reich ha Germani ve-erets Yisrael
(Ramat Gan, 1974). See also Francis R. Nicosia,
The Third Reich and the Palestine Question
(London, 1985), and his “The End of Emancipation and the Illusion of Preferential Treatment: German Zionism, 1933–1938,” in
LBIYB
(1991), 243–65.

51.
Hjalmar Schacht,
Abrechnung mit Hitler
(Hamburg, 1949), 59ff. See also his
76 Jahre meines Lebens
(Hamburg, 1953), 44ff Avraham Barkai,
Vom Boykott zur “Entjudung”: Der wirtschaftliche Existenzkampfder Juden in Dritten Reich, 1933–1943
(Frankfurt, 1988),
is the best scholarly account of the dispossession of German Jewry.

52.
Uwe Dietrich Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich
(1972), 72–144. O. D. Kulka, “Da’at Ha-Kahal be-Germania hanatsionalsot-sialistit ve-ha-beiya ha-yehudit,”
Zion
40.3–4 (1975); 186–290, is the most detailed study of German public opinion. On the Lutherans, see Richard Gutteridge, “German Protestantism and the Jews in the Third Reich,” in O. D. Kulka and Paul Mendes-Flohr, eds.,
Judaism and Christianity under the Impact of National Socialism
(Jerusalem, 1987), 251–70. On Catholics, see G. Lewy
The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
(New York, 1965), 268–308; Konrad Riepgen, “German Catholicism and the Jews,” in Kulka and Mendes-Flohr,
Judaism
, 197–226; Giovanni Miccoli,
I Dilemmi e il silenzio di Pio XII: Vaticano, Seconda Guerra mondiale e Shoah
(Milan, 2000), 118–200; Michael Phayer,
The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
(Bloomington, 2000), 67–81.

53.
Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds.,
Documents on Nazism, 1919–1945
(London, 1974), 1:462.

54.
Karl Schleunes,
The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy Towards German Jews, 1933–1939
(Urbana, 1970), 148–49.

55.
Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 114–44; Hermann Graml,
Antisemitism in the Third Reich
(Oxford, 1992), 120–29.

56.
Norman H. Baynes, ed.,
The Speeches of Adolf Hitler
(London, 1942), 1:732–34; Max Domarus, ed.,
Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1932–1945
(Würzburg, 1962), 1:537.

57.
Domarus,
Hitler
, 1:537.

58.
See Abraham Margaliot, “The Reaction of the Jewish Public in Germany to the Nuremberg Laws,”
Essays in Holocaust History
(Jerusalem, 1979), 41.

59.
Ibid., 50.

60.
“Isolation of Jews in Germany: Effect of New Laws,”
The Times
(London), 18 September 1935.

61.
Margaliot, “Reaction,” 50ff

62.
For example, Georg Kareski’s interview in Goebbels’s newspaper,
Der Angriff
,23 December 1935. See ibid., 50.

63.
Elie Ben Elissar,
La Diplomatie du IIIe Reich et les Juifs
(Paris, 1969), 163–84; Duff Hart-Davis,
Hitler’s Olympics: The 1936 Games
(London, 1986), 66–88, 138–40.

64.
Helmut Krausnick and Martin Broszat,
Anatomy of the SS State
(London, 1973), 51ff.

65.
Gerhard Botz, “The Dynamics of Persecution in Austria, 1938–1945,” in Robert S. Wistrich, ed.,
Austrians and Jews in the Twentieth Century
(London, 1992), 199–219.

66.
See Herbert Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung und Selbstbehauptung: Die Juden in Österreich, 1938–1945
(Vienna, 1978), and Doron Rabinovici,
Instanzen der Ohnmacht: Wien, 1938–1945—Der Weg zur Judenrat
(Frankfurt, 2000), for the subsequent dispossession, persecution, deportation, and murder of Austrian Jewry.

67.
“Berlin Outbreak of Jew-baiting,”
The Daily Telegraph
, 16 June 1938.

68.
David S. Wyman,
Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941
(New York, 1985), 50; Joshua B. Stein, “Great Britain and the Evian Conference of 1938,”
The Wiener Library Bulletin
, new series, 29.37–38 (1976).

69.
“Nations Take Their Stand on Refugees,”
Daily Express
, 8 July 1939; Paul R. Bartrop,
Australia and the Holocaust, 1933–1945
(Melbourne, 1994), 61–78; Irving Abella and Harold Troper,
None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe
(New York, 1983), 19–37, 51–66.

70.
On American immigration policy between 1933 and 1945, see Arthur Mosse,
While Six Million Died (New
York, 1968); Saul S. Friedman,
No Haven for the Oppressed: United States Policy Towards Jewish Refugees, 1933–45
(Detroit, 1973); Monty Noam Penkower,
The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust
(Urbana, 1983); David S. Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust
(New York, 1984).

71.
The Times
(London), 16 July 1938.

72.
Golda Meir,
My Life
(London, 1975), 127.

73.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 1 February 1939. Also, N. H. Baynes,
Speeches
, 1:738.

3. P
ERSECUTION AND
R
ESISTANCE

1.
Helmut Heiber, “Der Fall Grünspan,” VJfZ, 5 (1957): 134–72; Michael R. Marrus, “The Strange Story of Herschel Grynszpan,”
American Scholar
57.1 (1988): 69–79; Gerald Schwab,
The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan
(New York, 1990).

2.
“Germany’s Day of Wrecking and Looting,”
Manchester Guardian
, 11 November 1938.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Noakes and Pridham,
Documents on Nazism
, 2, Doc. 424.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Kulka, “Da’at Ha-Kahal,” 232–42; Jörg Wollenberg, ed.,
The German Public and the Persecution of the Jews, 1933–1945
(Atlantic Highlands, NJ., 1996), 19.

7.
Saul Friedländer,
Nazi Germany and the Jews
, vol. 1:
The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939
(New York, 1997), 278.

8.
Schleunes,
Twisted Roads
, 247.

9.
See the stenographic report on the meeting of 12 November 1938 under Goering’s chairmanship reproduced in Michael Berenbaum, ed.,
Witness to the Holocaust
(New York, 1997), 55–68. See also Peter Loewenberg, “The Kristallnacht as a Public Degradation Ritual,” in
LBIYB
32 (1987): 309–23.

10.
Berenbaum,
Witness
, 67.

11.
Ibid., 60–61.

12.
Graml,
Antisemitism
, 142–44; Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 83–87.

13.
Schleunes,
Twisted Road
, 165; Helmut Genschel,
Die Verdrangung der Juden aus der Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich
(Göttingen, 1966), 299–30.

14.
Berenbaum,
Witness
, 55.

15.
Friedländer,
Nazi Germany
, 1:284–300.

16.
Das Schwarze Korps
, 24 November 1938.

17.
Ian Kershaw, “The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion in the Third Reich,”
LBIYB26
(1981): 261ff.

18.
Hitler to Chvalkovsky
DGFP
, 190–95.

19.
Domarus,
Hitler
, 2:1058.

20.
Hans Mommsen, “The Realization of the Unthinkable: The Final Solution of the Jewish Question,” in G. Hirschfeld, ed.,
The Politics of Genocide
(London, 1986), 97–114.

21.
Baynes,
Speeches
, 1:740.

22.
DGFP, D
, 5:921–25 (memo of Schacht, 16 January 1939).

23.
Ibid., D, 4:336–41.

24.
Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 85.

25.
Himmler and Heydrich later preferred the term
the wish of the Führer (des Führers Wunsch
) when transmitting unwritten orders
for the “Final Solution.” See Gerald Fleming,
Hitler und die Endlösung
(Munich, 1982), 64.

26.
Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 571ff.

27.
Ernst Klee, “Euthanasie,” in
NS-Staat
(Frankfurt, 1983); Paul Weindling,
Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945
(Cambridge, 1989); Michael Berenbaum, ed.,
A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis
(New York, 1990); Lukas,
Forgotten Holocaust;
Richard Plant,
The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals
(New York, 1986); and Henry Friedlander,
The Origins of the Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
(Chapel Hill, 1995), 246–302.

28.
Elke Froehlich, ed.,
Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente
(Munich, 1987), 3:628.

29.
Ibid., 612.

30.
Stig Hornshoj-Möller,
“Der ewige Jude”: Quellenkritische Analyse eines antisemitischen Propagandafilms
(Göttingen, 1995), 3–23.