George F. Kennan: An American Life (125 page)
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Authors: John Lewis Gaddis
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12
ASK to JKH, December 10, 1938, and February 6, 1939, JEK Papers; GFK to JKH, December 28, 1938, GFK Papers, 23:10.
ASK to JKH, December 10, 1938, and February 6, 1939, JEK Papers; GFK to JKH, December 28, 1938, GFK Papers, 23:10.
14
GFK personal letters of December 8, 1938, and January 6, 1939, in
ibid.,
pp. 9, 11. See also Raymond E. Cox to State Department, January 12, 1939, and Wilbur J. Carr to State Department, February 1, 1939, both drafted by GFK, in
ibid.,
pp. 29–31, 38–39.
GFK personal letters of December 8, 1938, and January 6, 1939, in
ibid.,
pp. 9, 11. See also Raymond E. Cox to State Department, January 12, 1939, and Wilbur J. Carr to State Department, February 1, 1939, both drafted by GFK, in
ibid.,
pp. 29–31, 38–39.
16
GFK personal notes, March 21, 1939, in
ibid.,
pp. 80–87; GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 6; ASK to JKH, March 18, 1938, JEK Papers; GFK to JKH, March 24, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10; GFK undated memoir, “Prague—Munich to Occupation, 1938–1939,” p. 45,
ibid.,
240:3; ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 14.
GFK personal notes, March 21, 1939, in
ibid.,
pp. 80–87; GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 6; ASK to JKH, March 18, 1938, JEK Papers; GFK to JKH, March 24, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10; GFK undated memoir, “Prague—Munich to Occupation, 1938–1939,” p. 45,
ibid.,
240:3; ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 14.
17
GFK to State Department, March 29 and 30, 1939, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
p. 94; GFK, “The Prerequisites,” pp. 4–5, GFK Papers, 240:4.
GFK to State Department, March 29 and 30, 1939, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
p. 94; GFK, “The Prerequisites,” pp. 4–5, GFK Papers, 240:4.
18
Irving N. Linnell to
chargé d’affaires
in Berlin (drafted by GFK), April 14, 1939, and to Department of State (drafted by GFK), May 23, 1939, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
pp. 117–18, 178.
Irving N. Linnell to
chargé d’affaires
in Berlin (drafted by GFK), April 14, 1939, and to Department of State (drafted by GFK), May 23, 1939, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
pp. 117–18, 178.
19
GFK to State Department, March 29, 1939, Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), May 23, 1939,
ibid.,
pp. 98, 173–74.
GFK to State Department, March 29, 1939, Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), May 23, 1939,
ibid.,
pp. 98, 173–74.
21
GFK to Robert Coe, March 30, 1939, GFK to State Department, April 26–27, 1939, Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), May 10, 1939, all in
ibid.,
pp. 103–4, 133, 150.
GFK to Robert Coe, March 30, 1939, GFK to State Department, April 26–27, 1939, Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), May 10, 1939, all in
ibid.,
pp. 103–4, 133, 150.
24
GFK, “The War Problem of the Soviet Union,” March 1935, GFK Papers, 250:1; Linnell to American
chargé d’affaires
in Berlin (drafted by GFK), in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
pp. 88–91; Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), May 23 and June 6, 1939,
ibid.,
pp. 177, 183. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 100–101. For the Herwarth affair, see Bohlen,
Witness to History,
pp. 67–87, and Herwarth and Starr,
Against Two Evils,
pp. 153–62.
GFK, “The War Problem of the Soviet Union,” March 1935, GFK Papers, 250:1; Linnell to American
chargé d’affaires
in Berlin (drafted by GFK), in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
pp. 88–91; Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), May 23 and June 6, 1939,
ibid.,
pp. 177, 183. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 100–101. For the Herwarth affair, see Bohlen,
Witness to History,
pp. 67–87, and Herwarth and Starr,
Against Two Evils,
pp. 153–62.
25
GFK to Messersmith, April 7, 1939, GFK Papers, 250:4; GFK to Jay Pierrepont Moffatt, May 10, 1939,
ibid.,
140:10.
GFK to Messersmith, April 7, 1939, GFK Papers, 250:4; GFK to Jay Pierrepont Moffatt, May 10, 1939,
ibid.,
140:10.
27
Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), August 19, 1939, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich
, p. 217; ASK to JKH, July 10, 1939 and to CKB, September 5, 1939, JEK Papers; GFK to JKH, September 16, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10.
Linnell to State Department (drafted by GFK), August 19, 1939, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich
, p. 217; ASK to JKH, July 10, 1939 and to CKB, September 5, 1939, JEK Papers; GFK to JKH, September 16, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10.
29
ASK to JKH, October 24, 1939, JEK Papers; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 107–8; GFK to JKH, November 14, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10.
ASK to JKH, October 24, 1939, JEK Papers; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 107–8; GFK to JKH, November 14, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10.
31
GFK to JKH, November 14 and December 9, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10.
GFK to JKH, November 14 and December 9, 1939, GFK Papers, 23:10.
33
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 115–16; GFK Diary, February 24, and March 4, 1940; GFK to JKH, April 15, 1940,
ibid.,
23:10. For the Welles mission, see Gellman,
Secret Affairs,
pp. 166–202.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 115–16; GFK Diary, February 24, and March 4, 1940; GFK to JKH, April 15, 1940,
ibid.,
23:10. For the Welles mission, see Gellman,
Secret Affairs,
pp. 166–202.
34
GFK untitled paper, February, 1940, GFK Papers, 240:5, GFK Diary, February 24 and 26, 1940. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 116–19.
GFK untitled paper, February, 1940, GFK Papers, 240:5, GFK Diary, February 24 and 26, 1940. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 116–19.
35
GFK to JKH, February 13 and March 7, 1940, GFK Papers, 23:10.
GFK to JKH, February 13 and March 7, 1940, GFK Papers, 23:10.
36
GFK to JKH, April 15, 1940,
ibid
.; ASK interviews, August 26, 1982, p. 9, and December 14, 1987, p. 22.
GFK to JKH, April 15, 1940,
ibid
.; ASK interviews, August 26, 1982, p. 9, and December 14, 1987, p. 22.
38
GFK Diary, May 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 1940.
GFK Diary, May 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 1940.
40
Ibid.,
June 14, 15, 16, 1940. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 124–27; and GFK,
Sketches from a Life,
pp. 66–68.
Ibid.,
June 14, 15, 16, 1940. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 124–27; and GFK,
Sketches from a Life,
pp. 66–68.
42
GFK Diary, August 26–September 6, 1940; GFK to JKH, November 5, 1940, GFK Papers, 23:10; Masarik,
Le dernier témoin de Munich
, pp. 417–18. I am indebted to my Yale student Rene Bystron for this reference.
GFK Diary, August 26–September 6, 1940; GFK to JKH, November 5, 1940, GFK Papers, 23:10; Masarik,
Le dernier témoin de Munich
, pp. 417–18. I am indebted to my Yale student Rene Bystron for this reference.
43
GFK report, “A Year and a Half of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia,” October 1940, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
pp. 226–40.
GFK report, “A Year and a Half of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia,” October 1940, in GFK,
From Prague After Munich,
pp. 226–40.
44
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 119–23; GFK to G. van Roon, March 14, 1962, GFK Papers, 56; GFK interview, August 25, 1982, p. 8; Herwarth and Starr,
Against Two Evils,
pp. 177–78.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 119–23; GFK to G. van Roon, March 14, 1962, GFK Papers, 56; GFK interview, August 25, 1982, p. 8; Herwarth and Starr,
Against Two Evils,
pp. 177–78.
45
GFK to Jacob D. Beam, October 17 and November 8, 1940, GFK Papers, 140:9. See also Miner, “His Master’s Voice,” in Craig and Loewenheim,
Diplomats,
p. 78.
GFK to Jacob D. Beam, October 17 and November 8, 1940, GFK Papers, 140:9. See also Miner, “His Master’s Voice,” in Craig and Loewenheim,
Diplomats,
p. 78.
46
GFK to JKH, October 21, 1940, GFK Papers, 23:10.
GFK to JKH, October 21, 1940, GFK Papers, 23:10.
47
ASK interview, August 26, 1982, pp. 9–10; “Kennan Kept Busy in Berlin,”
Milwaukee Journal,
February 6, 1941.
ASK interview, August 26, 1982, pp. 9–10; “Kennan Kept Busy in Berlin,”
Milwaukee Journal,
February 6, 1941.
48
ASK to JKH, March 23, April 13, and June 5, 1941, JEK Papers; JKH interview, p. 19. The travel dates are from GFK’s personnel file, DSR-DF 1940–44, 123K36/338, 342, and 345, but see also GFK to JKH, May 4, 1941, GFK Papers, 23:10.
ASK to JKH, March 23, April 13, and June 5, 1941, JEK Papers; JKH interview, p. 19. The travel dates are from GFK’s personnel file, DSR-DF 1940–44, 123K36/338, 342, and 345, but see also GFK to JKH, May 4, 1941, GFK Papers, 23:10.
50
ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 23; GFK interview, August 25, 1982, p. 6; JLG diary, December 14, 1987.
ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 23; GFK interview, August 25, 1982, p. 6; JLG diary, December 14, 1987.
51
JKH to JLG, August 12, 1983; GFK to JKH, August 6 and September 5, 1941, GFK Papers, 23:10.
JKH to JLG, August 12, 1983; GFK to JKH, August 6 and September 5, 1941, GFK Papers, 23:10.
52
GFK to JKH, August 17, September 5, and October 29, 1941,
ibid.,
23:10. For the island, see ASK to JKH, May 31, 1935, JEK Papers; ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 26.
GFK to JKH, August 17, September 5, and October 29, 1941,
ibid.,
23:10. For the island, see ASK to JKH, May 31, 1935, JEK Papers; ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 26.
53
Vassiltchikov,
Berlin Diaries,
p. 53; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 130–34. For American warnings to the Soviet Union, see Heinrichs,
Threshold of War,
pp. 21–23, 56.
Vassiltchikov,
Berlin Diaries,
p. 53; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 130–34. For American warnings to the Soviet Union, see Heinrichs,
Threshold of War,
pp. 21–23, 56.
54
MacLean,
Joseph E. Davies
, pp. 71–79. See also Davies,
Mission to Moscow
. Davies had stepped down as ambassador in June 1938.
MacLean,
Joseph E. Davies
, pp. 71–79. See also Davies,
Mission to Moscow
. Davies had stepped down as ambassador in June 1938.
55
GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 9; GFK to ASK, October 21, 1941, in GFK,
Sketches from a Life,
p. 75.
GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 9; GFK to ASK, October 21, 1941, in GFK,
Sketches from a Life,
p. 75.
56
GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 9.
GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 9.
58
GFK to James W. Riddleberger, November 20, 1941, GFK Papers, 140:8.
GFK to James W. Riddleberger, November 20, 1941, GFK Papers, 140:8.
59
GFK interviews, August 25, 1982, p. 16, and December 13, 1987, p. 17; GFK to Bullitt, June 9, 1936, Bullitt Papers, T12:21.
GFK interviews, August 25, 1982, p. 16, and December 13, 1987, p. 17; GFK to Bullitt, June 9, 1936, Bullitt Papers, T12:21.
61
GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 3.
GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 3.
62
ASK to JKH, March 18, 1938, JEK Papers.
EIGHT ● THE UNITED STATES AT WAR: 1941–1944ASK to JKH, March 18, 1938, JEK Papers.
1
GFK to JKH, October 29, 1941, GFK Papers, 23:10.
GFK to JKH, October 29, 1941, GFK Papers, 23:10.
2
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 134–36; Burdick,
American Island in Hitler’s Reich,
pp. 8–11, 34–43; and GFK, “Report, the Internment and Repatriation of the American Official Group in Germany, 1941–1942,” pp. 422–26, 456–59.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 134–36; Burdick,
American Island in Hitler’s Reich,
pp. 8–11, 34–43; and GFK, “Report, the Internment and Repatriation of the American Official Group in Germany, 1941–1942,” pp. 422–26, 456–59.
3
GFK interview, December 13, 1987, p. 1. See also Miscamble,
Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy,
p. xi.
GFK interview, December 13, 1987, p. 1. See also Miscamble,
Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy,
p. xi.
4
Burdick,
American Island in Hitler
’
s Reich,
p. 43. The information on luggage and pets comes from the internees’ newspaper,
Bad Nauheim Pudding,
February 14, 1942, copy in GFK Papers, 231:9.
Burdick,
American Island in Hitler
’
s Reich,
p. 43. The information on luggage and pets comes from the internees’ newspaper,
Bad Nauheim Pudding,
February 14, 1942, copy in GFK Papers, 231:9.
6
List of activities, January 25–29, 1942, GFK Papers, 231:9; Stephen Turnham, “WWII Slugger Earns a Footnote in Baseball History,”
Washington Post
, April 11, 1991.
List of activities, January 25–29, 1942, GFK Papers, 231:9; Stephen Turnham, “WWII Slugger Earns a Footnote in Baseball History,”
Washington Post
, April 11, 1991.
7
“To Whom It May Concern” letter signed by P. W. Whitcomb, Louis P. Lochner, J. P. Dickson, and S. W. Herman, Jr., February 26, 1942, GFK Papers, 231:9. The lecture notes are in
ibid.,
298:3–8.
“To Whom It May Concern” letter signed by P. W. Whitcomb, Louis P. Lochner, J. P. Dickson, and S. W. Herman, Jr., February 26, 1942, GFK Papers, 231:9. The lecture notes are in
ibid.,
298:3–8.
10
GFK interview, December 13, 1987, p. 15; typescript marked “Unfinished Story,” no date but probably late March or early April 1942.
GFK interview, December 13, 1987, p. 15; typescript marked “Unfinished Story,” no date but probably late March or early April 1942.
11
GFK Diary, April 19–22, 1942.
GFK Diary, April 19–22, 1942.
15
ASK to Frieda Por, undated but December 1941, JEK Papers; ASK interview, August 26, 1982, p. 11. GFK’s query, conveyed through the Swiss, is in the DSR-DF 1940–44, 123K36/368.
ASK to Frieda Por, undated but December 1941, JEK Papers; ASK interview, August 26, 1982, p. 11. GFK’s query, conveyed through the Swiss, is in the DSR-DF 1940–44, 123K36/368.
16
Frieda Por to State Department,
ibid.,
“123Kennan George F.” folder; G. Howland Shaw to GFK, June 12, 1942,
ibid.,
123K36/371.
Frieda Por to State Department,
ibid.,
“123Kennan George F.” folder; G. Howland Shaw to GFK, June 12, 1942,
ibid.,
123K36/371.
17
Bad Nauheim Lecture 2, undated, GFK Papers, 298:5; GFK Diary, April 20, 1942.
Bad Nauheim Lecture 2, undated, GFK Papers, 298:5; GFK Diary, April 20, 1942.
18
ASK interviews, August 26, 1982, p. 11, and December 14, 1987, p. 27; GFK to JKH, June 12 and 21, 1942, JEK Papers. The book was M. G. Gains,
Five Acres and Independence: A Practical Guide to the Selection and Management of the Small Farm
(New York: Greenberg, 1940).
ASK interviews, August 26, 1982, p. 11, and December 14, 1987, p. 27; GFK to JKH, June 12 and 21, 1942, JEK Papers. The book was M. G. Gains,
Five Acres and Independence: A Practical Guide to the Selection and Management of the Small Farm
(New York: Greenberg, 1940).
19
ASK to JKH, two undated letters, JEK Papers; ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 29.
ASK to JKH, two undated letters, JEK Papers; ASK interview, December 14, 1987, p. 29.
21
“A Diplomat Moves Into the Joe Miller Place,”
York
[Pennsylvania]
Dispatch,
June 13, 1964. Jeanette Hotchkiss and Kent Kennan both brought this story to my attention.
“A Diplomat Moves Into the Joe Miller Place,”
York
[Pennsylvania]
Dispatch,
June 13, 1964. Jeanette Hotchkiss and Kent Kennan both brought this story to my attention.
22
GFK Diary, September 8, 1942, ASK to JKH, September 30, 1942, JEK Papers.
GFK Diary, September 8, 1942, ASK to JKH, September 30, 1942, JEK Papers.
23
GFK Diary, August 28, 1942.
GFK Diary, August 28, 1942.
24
GFK to JKH, December 1 and 2 [misdated], 1942, and January 31, 1943, GFK Papers
,
23:10; ASK to JKH, November 14 and December 10, 1942, February 12, 1943, JEK Papers.
GFK to JKH, December 1 and 2 [misdated], 1942, and January 31, 1943, GFK Papers
,
23:10; ASK to JKH, November 14 and December 10, 1942, February 12, 1943, JEK Papers.
25
Blair Butterworth, “Fond Family Memories of an Extraordinary Man,”
Seattle Times,
March 22, 2005. I am indebted to Blair Butterworth for sharing this story with me. See also “Clipper Crashes at Lisbon,”
New York Times,
February 23, 1943.
Blair Butterworth, “Fond Family Memories of an Extraordinary Man,”
Seattle Times,
March 22, 2005. I am indebted to Blair Butterworth for sharing this story with me. See also “Clipper Crashes at Lisbon,”
New York Times,
February 23, 1943.
26
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 143; Robert Meiklejohn Diary, December 23, 1945, Harriman Papers, Box 11; Roberts interview, March 15, 1993, p. 2.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 143; Robert Meiklejohn Diary, December 23, 1945, Harriman Papers, Box 11; Roberts interview, March 15, 1993, p. 2.
27
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 143–45. See also GFK’s National War College lecture, “Problems of Diplomatic-Military Collaboration,” March 7, 1947, p. 7, GFK Papers, 298:29.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 143–45. See also GFK’s National War College lecture, “Problems of Diplomatic-Military Collaboration,” March 7, 1947, p. 7, GFK Papers, 298:29.
29
GFK to JKH, April 30, July 2, and 20, 1943, GFK Papers, 23:10.
GFK to JKH, April 30, July 2, and 20, 1943, GFK Papers, 23:10.
30
GFK to JKH, undated letter composed “at sea,”
ibid.,
23:10. The Gibbon quote is from
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
I, 30. For the Davies film, see MacLean,
Joseph E. Davies,
pp. 91–93, 106–7.
GFK to JKH, undated letter composed “at sea,”
ibid.,
23:10. The Gibbon quote is from
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
I, 30. For the Davies film, see MacLean,
Joseph E. Davies,
pp. 91–93, 106–7.
31
GFK to JKH, August 14, 1942, GFK Papers, 23:10.
GFK to JKH, August 14, 1942, GFK Papers, 23:10.
33
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 147–50; GFK National War College lecture, March 7, 1947, pp. 9–13. See also the partial documentation in
FRUS: 1943
, II, 547–50.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 147–50; GFK National War College lecture, March 7, 1947, pp. 9–13. See also the partial documentation in
FRUS: 1943
, II, 547–50.
34
State Department to GFK, October 16, 1943, GFK to State Department, October 18, 1943,
ibid.,
pp. 554–57. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 150–53.
State Department to GFK, October 16, 1943, GFK to State Department, October 18, 1943,
ibid.,
pp. 554–57. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 150–53.
37
Roosevelt to Salazar, November 4, 1943, in
FRUS: 1943
, II, 564–65. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 159–62. For Leahy’s presence on the
Drottningholm,
see Burdick,
American Island in Hitler
’
s Reich,
p. 107.
Roosevelt to Salazar, November 4, 1943, in
FRUS: 1943
, II, 564–65. See also GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 159–62. For Leahy’s presence on the
Drottningholm,
see Burdick,
American Island in Hitler
’
s Reich,
p. 107.
38
GFK National War College lecture, March 7, 1947, Harlow and Maerz, eds.,
Measures Short of War
, p. 151; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 162–63.
GFK National War College lecture, March 7, 1947, Harlow and Maerz, eds.,
Measures Short of War
, p. 151; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 162–63.
39
Hull to Norweb and GFK, December 4, 1943, in
FRUS: 1943,
II, 576; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 166; Roberts interview, p. 4. See also Bohlen interview by Wright, p. 4.
Hull to Norweb and GFK, December 4, 1943, in
FRUS: 1943,
II, 576; GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 166; Roberts interview, p. 4. See also Bohlen interview by Wright, p. 4.
40
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 164–66. See also, for background on the EAC, Gaddis,
United States and the Origins of the Cold War,
pp. 105–9.
GFK,
Memoirs,
I, 164–66. See also, for background on the EAC, Gaddis,
United States and the Origins of the Cold War,
pp. 105–9.
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