From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (209 page)

116
. Carter speech, January 4, 1980,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32911
andst=andst1=.

117
. William J. Daughtery,
Executive Secrets: Covert Operations and the Presidency
(Lexington, Ky., 2004), 189.

118
. Garthoff,
Détente,
945–57.

119
. Mann,
About Face,
110–11.

120
. Ibid., 109–14.

121
. Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski,
For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America
(New York, 1984), 580; William E. Odom, "The Origins and Design of Presidential Directive-59: A Memoir," in Henry D. Sokoloski,
Getting MAD
(Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 2004), 175–96.

122
. Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
231.

123
. Ibid., 197.

124
. Ibid., 221–22.

125
. Ibid., 225–27.

126
. Walter LaFeber,
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America
(New York, 1984), 241–42.

127
. Farber,
Taken Hostage,
141–71.

128
. Mark Bowden, "The Desert One Debacle,"
Atlantic Monthly,
May 2006, 62–77.

129
. Bill,
Eagle and Lion,
302–3.

130
. Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
213.

131
. Ibid., 239–46.

1
. Martin Walker,
The Cold War: A History
(New York, 1993), 276–277; Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War
(New York, 1996), 270–73.

2
. Don Oberdorfer,
From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the End of the Soviet Union, 1983–1991
(Baltimore, Md., 1998), 353; the Bush quote is from David J. Rothkopf,
Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power
(New York, 2005), 260.

3
. See, for example, Peter Schweizer,
Reagan's War: The Epic Story of His Forty-Year Struggle and Final Victory over Communism
(New York, 2003). The triumphalist argument is critically evaluated in Robert J. McMahon, "American Foreign Policy during the Reagan Years,"
Diplomatic History
19 (Spring 1995), 367–84, and Jeremi Suri, "Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?"
Journal of Cold War Studies
4 (Fall 2002), 60–92.

4
. Ronald Reagan,
An American Life: The Autobiography
(New York, 1990) tells the story. Garry Wills,
Reagan's America: Innocents at Home
(New York, 1987) offers an insightful analysis, focusing on the early years.

5
. Richard A. Melanson,
American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton
(Armonk, N.Y., 1996), 136–37.

6
. Lou Cannon,
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
(New York, 1991), 185.

7
. Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987
(New York, 1987).

8
. Rothkopf,
Running the World,
212–14.

9
. Richard Pipes,
Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger
(New Haven, Conn., 2004), 153–54.

10
. James A. Baker III,
Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 26–27.

11
. March 8, 1983,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 1983
(Washington, 1983), 363–64.

12
. Oberdorfer,
Cold War to New Era,
85.

13
. Pipes,
Vixi,
171.

14
. Ibid., 188–203.

15
. Walker,
Cold War,
266.

16
. Paul S. Boyer, "Selling Star Wars: Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative," paper delivered at Florida Atlantic University, February 2007, 7.

17
. Raymond L. Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, 1985), 1024.

18
. Walker,
Cold War,
267.

19
. Strobe Talbott,
Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control
(New York, 1984), 158.

20
. Garthoff,
Détente,
1026.

21
. Boyer, "Selling Star Wars," 11–14; the fullest account is Frances FitzGerald,
Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War
(New York, 2000).

22
. Boyer, "Selling Star Wars," 15–19, 26–27.

23
. Garthoff,
Détente,
1016.

24
.
Washington Post,
February 10, 1999.

25
. David Schoenbaum,
The United States and the State of Israel
(New York, 1993), 273–74.

26
. Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 111; Laurence L. Barrett,
Gambling with History: Reagan in the White House
(New York, 1984), 271.

27
. Schoenbaum,
United States and Israel,
286.

28
. Cannon,
Reagan,
390.

29
. Ibid., 401.

30
. Ibid., 406.

31
. Reagan,
American Life,
437.

32
. Colin Powell,
My American Journey
(New York, 1996), 281.

33
. Ibid., 302–3; Caspar W. Weinberger,
Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon
(New York, 1990), 8–9, 31; George P. Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State
(New York, 1993), 649–51.

34
. Little,
Orientalism,
212–14.

35
. "Terrorism," in Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson,
Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations,
4 vols. (New York, 1997), 4:186–91.

36
. Reagan,
American Life,
511, 514, 517–19.

37
. Little,
Orientalism,
248–49.

38
. Cannon,
Reagan,
589–738, provides a full analysis; the official report is in President's Special Review Board,
Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President's Special Review Board
(New York, 1987).

39
. Cannon,
Reagan,
541, 609–11, 630–31.

40
. Ibid., 596, 613, 627–41.

41
. Ibid., 640, 647–52.

42
. Ibid., 639.

43
. Little,
Orientalism,
250–52.

44
. Ibid., 295–97.

45
.
Time,
April 1, 1985.

46
. James M. Scott,
Deciding to Intervene: The Reagan Doctrine and American Foreign Policy
(Durham, N.C., 1996), 19–21.

47
. William J. Daugherty,
Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
(Lexington, Ky., 2004), 189.

48
. Ibid., 186, 201–3.

49
. Scott,
Reagan Doctrine,
108–10.

50
. Thomas Borstelmann,
The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 260–61.

51
. Scott,
Reagan Doctrine
, 207.

52
. Ibid., 121, 147.

53
. Ibid., 47, 58.

54
. Alan J. Kuperman, "The Stinger Missiles and U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan,"
Political Science Quarterly
114, no. 2 (1999), 220, 244–45.

55
. Ibid., 235–53.

56
. Ibid., 253–58; John Prados, "Notes on the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan,"
Journal of American History
89 (September 2002), 466–71.

57
. Michael Schaller, "Reagan and the Cold War," in Kyle Longley et al.,
Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and America's Fortieth President
(Armonk, N.Y., 2007), 25–26.

58
. John H. Coatsworth,
Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus
(New York, 1994), 166.

59
. Kathleen M. Blee, "The Catholic Church and Central American Politics," in Kenneth M. Coleman and George C. Herring, eds.,
The Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Policy
(Wilmington, Del., 1985), 55–71.

60
. Stephen Kinzer, "Nicaragua: The Beleaguered Revolution,"
New York Times Magazine,
August 28, 1983, 23.

61
. William M. LeoGrande,
Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 54–56.

62
. Cannon,
Reagan,
344.

63
. LeoGrande,
Backyard,
81–82, 86–88.

64
. Cannon,
Reagan,
344–45.

65
. Walter LaFeber, "The Reagan Policy in Historical Perspective," in Coleman and Herring,
Central American Crisis,
4–6.

66
. LeoGrande,
Backyard,
281.

67
. Ibid., 564–66; Coatsworth,
Central America,
170–76.

68
. Cannon,
Reagan,
446–47; Richard A. Gabriel,
Military Incompetence: Why the American Military Doesn't Win
(New York, 1985), 149–50.

69
. Cannon,
Reagan,
448.

70
. Gabriel,
Military Incompetence,
185.

71
. Reagan,
American Life,
455, 458; Cannon,
Reagan,
449.

72
. LeoGrande,
Backyard,
331.

73
. Ibid., 301–3, 317–18, 330–40, 363–64.

74
. Ibid, 300.

75
. Schaller, "Reagan and the Cold War," 27.

76
. LeoGrande,
Backyard,
400.

77
. Ibid., 407.

78
. President's Special Review Board,
The Tower Commission Report
(New York, 1987), 51–61.

79
. LeoGrande,
Backyard,
638.

80
. Ibid., 507–47.

81
. Kenneth M. Coleman and George C. Herring, eds.,
Understanding the Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict, U.S. Policy, and Options for Peace
(Wilmington, Del., 1991), 221–23.

82
. LeoGrande,
Backyard,
548.

83
. Coleman and Herring,
Understanding the Central American Crisis,
221–23.

84
. Edwin Meese in McMahon, "Reagan Years," 370.

85
. Reagan,
American Life,
611.

86
. Cannon,
Reagan,
744.

87
. Archie Brown, "Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War," in Richard K. Herrmann and Richard Ned Lebow, eds.,
Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation, and the Study of International Relations
(New York, 2004), 49–50.

88
. Oberdorfer,
Cold War to New Era,
72.

89
. Alan P. Dobson, "The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close Down the Cold War,"
Diplomatic History
29 (June 2005), 547, 555.