Europe: A History (270 page)
The Pedigree of Socialism
Macedonia: The Partition of 1913
Greater Albania
The Jewish Pale in the Russian Empire, to 1917
The ‘Great Triangle’: European Power Centres, 1914–91
The Italo-Slav Borders, 1939–92
(a) 1939–92 Italy’s North-Eastern Frontier
(b) Italians Occupation Zones, 1939–44
The Expansion of Soviet Territory in Europe, 1917–45
The Republic of Ukraine, 1918–91
Poland, 1921–45
Czechoslovakia, 1918–82
Hungary 1918–45
The Growth of Serbia (1817–1913) and of Yugoslavia (1918–45)
The Dictatorships of Inter-War Europe, 1917–39
| Duration | Dictator(s) | ||
| Soviet Russia and USSR | 25.10.10 o.s [7.11.17]–1991 | Lenin (to 1924) J.V.Stalin ‘Vozhd’ (to 1953) | Bolshevik coup d’état, totalitarian, Communist/Party State. Terror. |
| Hungary | 21.3.19–9.1991 1991–44 | Bela Kun Admiral Horthy | Soviet Communist Republic. Terror. Proto-fascist dictatorship. Terror. |
| Italy | 28.10.22–1943 | Benito Mussolini | Fascist takeover: constitutional monarchy replaced by ‘corporate state’. All opposition parties disbanded, 1926. |
| Bulgaria | 8/9.6.23–1944 | Aleksandr Tsankov | Military coup d’état: authoritarian regime, dissolution of opposition: from 1934, royal dictatorship of Boris III. |
| Spain | 23.9.23–20.1.30 | General Miguel Primo de Rivera | Authoritarian regime in agreement with King Alfonso XIII, military directorate: suspension of the constitution. |
| Turkey | 29.10.23–1938 | Gazi Mustaf Kemal Pasha | Personal dictatorship, one-party national state. |
| Albania | 1.25–1940 | Ahmed Zogu (became king 1928) | Authoritarian regime, first presidential then royal. |
| Poland | 12.5.26–1939 | Marshal Joseph Pilsudski | Military coup d’état: left-wing military regime: ‘Sanacja’ dictatorship, operating behind a parliamentary façade. |
| Portugal | 28.5.26–1975 from 1932 | Manuel de Oliveira A. Salazar | Authoritarian regime, dissolution of parliament, constitution suspended. |
| Yugoslavia | 1.29–1941 | King Alexander | Coup d’ état: royal dictatorship. |
| Lithuania | 19.9.29–1940 | Antónas Smetona | Nationalist one-party state. |
| Romania | 19.6.30–1945 | King Corol II | Coup d’état: royal dictatorship. |
| Germany | 30.1.33–1945 | Adolph Hitler, ‘Führer’ | Nazi electoral success: one party state introduced through ‘emergency powers’. Terror. |
| Austria | 3.33–1937 | Engelbert Dollfuss | Dictatorship by the semi-fascist ‘Fatherland Front’, rule by emergency decree. |
| Estonia | 12.3.34–1940 | Konstantin Päts | Authoritarian regime, state of emergency, rule by decree, parliament dissolved. |
| Latvia | 15.5.34–1940 | Karlis Ulmanis | Authoritarian regime, a government of national unity, parliament dissolved. |
| Greece | 10.1935–1941 | General J. Kondilis General I. Metaxas | Authoritarian military-royal regime, dissolution of parliament. |
| Spain | 9.36–1975 | General Francisco Franco, ‘Caudillo’ | Military Fascism: totalitarian regime. Terror. |
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