Europe: A History (265 page)
Renaissance Italy
The Habsburg Dominions in Europe after 1519
The Price Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Spain
1 Shipping in the port of Seville, 1506–1600
2 Importation of precious metals (gold and silver) into Spain, 1500–1600
3 Commodity prices 1500–1600
Graphs 1, 2, and 3 superimposed
a) Scientific Discoveries and b) Technological Inventions, 1526–1951: A Selection
| a) P. A. Paracelsus | Basle, 1526 | theory of disease |
| M. Kopernik | Frombork, 1543 | heliocentrism |
| W. Harvey | London, 1628 | blood circulation |
| R. Descartes | Amsterdam, 1644 | analytical geometry |
| G. Leibniz | Leipzig, 1666 | differential calculus |
| I. Newton | Cambridge 1666 | laws of gravity |
| A. von Haller | Bern, 1757 | neurology |
| H. Cavendish | London, 1766 | hydrogen |
| K. Scheele | Uppsala, 1771 | oxygen |
| S. Hahnemann | Leipzig, 1796 | homeopathy |
| E.Jenner | London, 1796 | vaccination |
| E.-L. Malus | Strasburg, 1808 | polarization of light |
| B. Courtois | Paris, 1811 | iodine |
| A.-J. Fresnell | France, 1815 | frequency of light |
| J. J. Berzelius | Stockholm, 1818 | atomic weight |
| H.-C. Oersted | Copenhagen, 1819 | electromagnetism |
| G. Ohm | Cologne, 1827 | electrical resistance |
| M. Faraday | London, 1831 | electrical induction |
| J. von Liebig | Giessen, 1831 | analysis of elements |
| R. Brown | London, 1831 | cell nucleus |
| F. Runge | Berlin, 1833 | phenol anilin |
| R. A. Kolliker | Zurich, 1841 | spermatozoon |
| C. J. Doppler | Prague, 1842 | acoustics |
| R. Remak | Berlin, 1852 | segmentation of cells |
| W. Perkin | London, 1856 | aniline dye |
| C. Darwin | London, 1859 | theory of evolution |
| G. R. Kirchhoff | Heidelberg, 1859 | spectral analysis |
| I. Semmelweis | Budapest, 1861 | asepsis |
| G. Mendel | Brno, 1865 | genetics |
| J. Lister | Glasgow, 1867 | antisepsis |
| D. I. Mendeleev | St Petersburg, 1869 | periodic table |
| E. Fischer | Munich, 1875 | hydrazine: biochemistry |
| L. Pasteur | Paris, 1881 | bacteriology |
| R. Koch | Berlin, 1882 | tuberculosis bacillus |
| H. Hertz | Karlsruhe, 1888 | electromagnetic waves |
| E. von Behring | Berlin, 1892 | diphtheria serum |
| H. Lorentz | Leiden, 1895 | electron theory |
| W. Röntgen | Wurzburg, 1895 | X-rays |
| H. Becquerel | Paris, 1896 | uranium radiation |
| J. J. Thompson | Cambridge, 1897 | elektron |
| P. and M. Curie | Paris, 1898 | radioactivity |
| M. Planck | Berlin, 1900 | quantum theory |
| T. Boveri | Wurzburg, 1904 | chromosomes |
| A. Einstein | Zurich, 1905 | theory of relativity |
| H. K. Onnes | Leiden, 1911 | superconductivity |
| E. Rutherford | Manchester, 1911 | atomic structure |
| K.Funk | Cracow, 1911 | vitamins |
| W. Heisenberg | Copenhagen, 1925 | quantum mechanics |
| A. Fleming | London, 1928 | penicillin: antibiotics |
| O. Hahn | Berlin, 1938 | nuclear fission |
| Crick and Watson | London, 1951 | structure of DNA |
| b) J.Lippershey | Middleburg, 1608 | telescope |
| Z. Janssen | Amsterdam, 1609 | microscope |
| E. Torricelli | Rome, 1643 | mercury barometer |
| T. Savery | England, 1698 | steam pump |
| G. Fahrenheit | Amsterdam, 1718 | mercury thermometer |
| Jethro Tull | Hungerford, 1731 | agricultural machinery |
| J. Watt | Birmingham, 1769 | steam engine condenser |
| S. Crompton | Bolton, 1779 | spinning mule |
| J. and J. Montgolfier | Annonay, 1783 | hot-air balloon |
| C. Chappe | Paris, 1791 | aerial telegraph |
| A. Volta | Bologna, 1800 | electric battery |
| J.-M. Jacquard | Lyons, 1804 | automated machinery |
| R. Laennec | Paris, 1816 | stethoscope |
| C. Macintosh | Glasgow, 1823 | waterproof fabric |
| G. Stephenson | Stockton, 1825 | passenger railway |
| T. Telford | Menai Straits, 1825 | suspension bridge |
| N. Niepce | Chalon-sur-Saône, 1826 | photography |
| B. Fourneyron | Paris, 1827 | turbine |
| C. Babbage | Cambridge, 1834 | mechanical calculator |
| S. Bauer | Kiel, 1850 | submarine |
| L. Foucault | Paris, 1852 | gyroscope |
| H. Giffard | Paris, 1852 | steam-powered airship |
| H. Bessemer | St Pancras, 1857 | blast furnace: steel |
| J. Reis | Friedrichsdorf, 1861 | telephone |
| A. Nobel | Stockholm, 1867 | dynamite |
| W. von Siemens | Berlin, 1867 | dynamo |
| N. Otto | Cologne, 1876 | internal combustion engine |
| E. Berliner | Germany, 1877 | microphone |
| C. von Linde | Munich, 1877 | refrigerator |
| W. von Siemens | Berlin, 1879 | electric locomotive |
| H. S. Maxim | London, 1883 | machine-gun |
| G. Daimler | Connstatt, 1884 | petrol engine |
| Daimler and Benz | Mannheim, 1885 | motor car |
| R. Mannesmann | Düsseldorf, 1885 | seamless pipes |
| H. Goodwin | London, 1887 | photographic film |
| C. Ader | France, 1890 | aeroplane |
| W. Maybach | Connstatt, 1892 | carburettor |
| A. L. Lumière | Lyons, 1895 | cinematograph |
| R. K. Diesel | Berlin, 1895 | diesel engine |
| V. Poulsen | Copenhagen, 1898 | magnetic sound-recording |
| F. Zeppelin | Berlin, 1900 | dirigible airship |
| G. Marconi | London, 1901 | radio transmitter |
| K. E. Tsiolkovsky | Moscow, 1903 | rocketry |
| Bréguet-Richet | France, 1907 | helicopter |
| British Army | Cambrai, 1915 | military tank |
| J. Logie Baird | London, 1924 | television |
| H. Geiger | Kiel, 1928 | Geiger counter |
| F. Whittle | Cranwell, 1930 | jet engine |
| Air Ministry | Dover, 1940 | radar |
| Wilkes and Renwick | Manchester, 1946 | EDSAC, computer |
| Power Ministry | Calder Hall, 1956 | nuclear power station |
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