Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (131 page)

Trajan, Roman emperor 259
n
, 310

Treaties

Georgievsk 434

Nerchinsk 427

Paris 415, 494

Rastatt 411

St-Clair-sur-Epte 460

Tordesillas (Tardesilhas) 336-337, 385, 392

Utrecht 414
n

Waitangi 506

Trevisa, John de 467, 468, 471

Triadon
,
Coptic
poem 134

Triads of Ireland
, The (Meyer) 272

Trogodyte
131, 232

Tsunataro, Aoyagi, Japanese political analyst 453

Tuareg
101

Tunebo
363

Tungus languages
21, 138, 140, 142, 143

Tunisia 93, 97

Tupí-Guaraní languages
362, 363

Tupinambá
349-350, 363, 393, 571
n
15

Turkic languages
105-108, 138, 140, 141, 212, 219, 223
n
, 306
n
, 425, 427, 435, 443
n
, 514, 528
n

possible lingua franca 531, 547

runic alphabet 106

scripts 106

Turkmenistan 437, 443
n

Turks

advance across Anatolia/Aegean 264

and
Arabic
101

Christian Orthodoxy 264, 269-270

Turkish conquests 263-265, 528
n

Turkish
21, 97
n
, 105
n
, 108, 163, 263, 547, 554

Tyndale, William 473

Tyre 44, 68
n
, 71, 73, 75, 250

Tz’utujil
372

Uganda 105, 508

Ugarit 41, 60
n
, 62, 71, 128

Ugaritic
70, 71, 73

Uighur
21, 97
n
, 107, 142

script 106

Ukraine 425, 429, 431-432, 439, 443

Ulpian, Roman lawyer 299

’Umar ibn al-Khattab, Arab critic 94

Umbrian
242

United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie -VOC) 397, 400
n
, 401-102, 457, 539

United Kingdom, population 153
n

United States Magazine
486

Ur 40, 67

Uralian/Uralic area to Russia’s North-East 423, 432

Uralic languages
429

Urartu 31, 33, 41, 43, 46-47, 50, 65

Urdu
12, 178, 223, 497-498, 503, 528-530;
see also
Hindi

Urfa 87, 247

Uruk 54

US Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 454
n

USA

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
514

American Revolution 486-487

annexation of states 488, 494-495, 509-510

and
Australian English
514
n

and China 147

demographics 531

economy 379

General American
pronunciation 81, 514

Hispanic population 378
n

immigration 535

indigenous population 488-490

influence of 514-515

population 153
n

and
Spanish
378

spread of
English
489, 549, 577
n
9

Uto-Aztecan languages
351

Uwa
see
Tunebo

Uzbekistan 423
n
, 437, 443
n
, 547

Valentijn, François, Dutch writer 401

Valera, Father Blas, Spanish priest in Peru 345, 357-358, 360, 365

Valla, Lorenzo, Italian humanist 27

Valverde, Fray Vicente, Spanish friar 342

Vandals 20, 275, 305, 307, 309, 332
n
, 400

Vanuatu 508

Varangians
see
Vikings

Veda 175

Vega, Garcilaso de la, Peruvian writer 342-343, 344-345, 356, 360

Vega, Lope de, Spanish dramatist 344

Venerable Bede, English monk 31
n

Veneti 280-281, 290, 309, 423
see also
Slavs

Vercingetorix 301

Vergil, Roman poet 253

Vieira, Father Antonio, Portuguese priest 392

Vietnam 46
n
, 138, 146, 162, 204-205, 207, 529

Portuguese trading posts 387

Union indochinoise
417

Vietnamese
145
n
, 528

Quôc-ngu (’National Language’, romanized script) 414
n

Sino-Vietnamese
162-163

Vikings 312, 425, 426
n
, 447
n
, 460

Visigoths 101
n
, 275, 305-307, 310

Vlach nomads 310

VOC
see
United East India Company

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), French writer 410

Vulgate bible
294

Wace, Robert 459

Wade-Giles romanization of Chinese 115
n

Waiting for the Barbarians
(Kavafis) 228

Wales

and Norman invasions 463, 518

plague 313

Welsh
93, 270
n
, 274, 300, 303, 464, 473
n
, 517

Walter of Coventry, English writer 463

War and Peace
(Tolstoy) 410

Washington, George, US President 498

Wèi dynasty 140
see
Tabgach

Wellesley, Richard, British governor-general of Bengal 498

Wends 430
n

Wemdly, Georg Henrik, translator of Bible into Malay 402

West Asia 46-49

West India Company (Westindische Compagnie—WIC) 397-398, 493

Whitman, Walt, American poet 474
n

Wilberforce, William, British campaigner 501

William the Bastard (the Conqueror), Norman king of England 319, 460

Williams, Roger, British linguist 480-481, 484-485

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Austrian philosopher 13, 549

Women’s speech 51-53

World Almanac 378

Writing

accounting tallies 154

alphabetic script 63-64, 67

capitals, upper- vs lower-case 316
n

cuneiform 11
n
, 32, 37, 40, 42, 46, 50, 51, 54-55, 57, 61-63, 72
n
, 512

earliest known 34, 110

hieroglyphs 11
n
, 34, 113-116, 121, 124-125, 128, 132-133, 154-158, 173

ideographic systems, character of 46
n
, 54, 154-158

Japanese
kana
syllabary 116

logograms 37, 62

materials 63, 67, 78, 83, 97, 135
n

pictograms 51, 56, 113-116, 132, 135, 156, 157

scribes 67

shorthand symbols 46

syllabary 47, 56, 154, 156

Wu, Chinese empress 151
n
, 169

Wu Zong, Chinese emperor 120

Wyclif, John, English translator 473

Wyndham, Thomas, English traveller 388

Xerxes, king of Persia 68, 85

Xià dynasty 118

Xibo dialect of Manchu
144

Xiāngnú 106, 139-140, 144, 153, 219

Xuan-Zang, Chinese pilgrim 120, 138
n
, 159, 193-194, 198, 221

Yaghnobi
108

Yale romanization of Chinese 115
n
, 497
n

Yan kingdom 140

Yi
134, 145
n

Yi Jing, Chinese pilgrim 193-194, 201

Yì Jīng (Classic of Changes)
154

Yi Zong, Chinese emperorl58

Yiddish
442

Yokot’an
348

Yoruba 530

Yuán dynasty 121, 141, 143, 146, 147

Yucatec Maya
1, 348

Yuè (Cantonese) dialect of Chinese
136, 141, 147, 528

Yuezhi
see
Kushāna

Yugoslavia 310

Yuta-Nawan languages
see
Uto-Aztecan

Zakar-baal, king of Byblos 71

Zambia 507

Zanzibar 104-105

Zapata, Juan Ventura, Nahuatl dramatist 368