Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (128 page)

Nigeria 508, 530

Nikolay II, Tsar 433

Nimrod 35
n

Nimrud
also
Kalhu 88

Nineveh 49-50, 54, 65

Nippur 58

Nithard, Frankish chronicler 317

Norman French
see
under
French

Normans 275, 319, 406, 447
n
, 458-460, 461-465

Norse
312, 314
n
, 447
n
, 460

Norsemen
see
Vikings

North Africa 37, 45, 46, 49, 70-71, 76, 78, 93, 122, 292, 536

Arabic
in 100

French language
in 418-419

Portuguese
382

spread of Islam 100-101, 209

North America

Seventeenth-century European colonies 482

American Revolution 486-487

and
English
19, 241, 378, 457, 480 485, 486-492, 504-505, 518, 535

European population 415

and
French
411-413, 415, 457

immigration 487, 491-492

Nouvelle-France 412-414, 486, 492-494

and Spain 378, 494-495

North American Review
474
n

North Carolina 80

Nouvelle-France 412-414, 486, 492-494

Nova Scotia 414

Nubia 127-128, 129

numerals 37, 37
n
, 38, 50
n

Numidia 78

Nuzi 62

Ny Sverige 492

N
^y
evskiy, Aleksandr, Russian prince 426, 447

Occitan
300

Odyssey
44
n
, 236, 251

Old Nors
e
see
Norse

Olmos, Father Andres de 346

Omotic
36

Onesicritus, Greek admiral 191

Origen, Church father 256

Oriya
198

Os Lusíadas
(Camões) 382

Oscan
17, 242, 278-280, 291
n
, 299

Ossetic
48, 108

Ostrogoths 261, 306, 307

Otomí
352, 355

Ottoman dynasty 106, 121, 264, 266, 411, 434-435

Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores
(Ma Huan) 147

Oxford Book of English Verse
474
n

Pachacutec, Inca 357

Pachomius (Saint), Church father 133

Pacific 340, 417, 419, 448, 452, 454, 508, 513

Pahlavi
48, 98

Pakistan 85, 530

Palaic
39, 41

Palestine 42, 44, 48, 62, 79, 86, 111, 128-129, 209, 247-248, 259

Pali 145
n
, 151, 159, 162, 178, 190, 192, 202, 208, 214, 215-216, 536

Paõcatantra
199, 208

Pānini, Sanskrit grammarian 181, 183, 185, 217, 218

Papua New Guinea 10, 12, 508

Paraguay 367-368, 371, 373
n
, 376

Paraš
, technique of real-time translation 82

Paris 407-408

Parsa 56-57

Parthian
108, 131, 247, 257-259

Parthians 35, 48, 86, 87, 98, 245, 246-247, 269

Parthian Stations, The
(Isidorus) 258

Pashto
, 108, 186

Patagonia 93

Pataõjali.Sanskritgrammarian 180, 185-186, 245

Patrick (Saint), Church father 303

Pechenegs 425

Peloponnesian War 82

Penang 149, 506

Pennsylvania Dutch
92

Pericles, Greek statesman 233

Períplous Thalássēs Eruthraías
102-104

Persepolis 57, 259

Persia 47, 57, 81-82, 86, 120, 122, 129

Arabic
bilingualism 98-100, 163

and Egypt 130-131, 164-165

Greek overlordship 245, 247, 257

political setbacks 108

and Russia 434

Persian
12, 21, 30, 43, 47-48, 57, 97, 101, 106, 108, 132, 141, 160, 212-213, 219, 246, 300
n
, 514, 554

Peru 12, 308, 334, 338, 339, 342, 344, 346, 356-358, 364, 367-370, 372, 392, 519

Peter the Great
also
Petr I, Tsar 432, 438-439

’Phagspa, alphabet 156-157, 212
n

Philae 132

Philip II
see
Felipe II

Philip of Macedon 85

Philippines 147
n
, 148, 161, 340, 374, 377-379, 400, 444, 509, 515, 544

Philo of Byblos 72-73

Philostratus, Athenian sophist 565
n
28

Phoenicia 69-70, 83

gods 72-73

people 4445, 111, 242
n
, 292

settlements 239

Phoenician
11
n
, 21, 30, 34, 44-45, 60
n
, 68-78, 70, 73, 90, 103, 112, 250, 267, 520
n
, 536, 546

alphabet 44-6, 72
n
, 155, 210
n

grammar 68
n

see also
Punic

Phonetics 37, 50, 54, 154, 156-157, 209-212

Phrygian
43, 48, 83, 249

Phrynichus Arabius, Greek pedant 254

Pictograms
see
writing

Pidgins 10, 380, 390, 497, 508, 575
n
63

Pigafetta, Antonio, Spanish explorer 401
n

Pilipino
see
Tagalog

Pindar, Greek poet 230

Pinteado, Antonio, Portuguese explorer 388

Pinyin
see
Chinese

Piracy 102, 129, 148, 158, 199, 201, 382, 391, 415-416, 421, 478-479, 491, 494, 519

Pizarro, Francisco, Spanish conquistador 338, 339, 343, 356

Plautus, Roman dramatist 76-77, 252, 565
n
25

Pliny the Elder, Roman admiral and encyclopaedist 27, 191, 336

Plutarch, Greek biographer 5, 131
n
, 258, 259
n
, 555

Pocahontas, Powhatan princess 481

Poema de Mio Cid 332n

Poenulus
(Plautus) 76-77, 78
n

Poland 410, 429, 431-432

Polier, Antoine-Louis Henri, Frenchman in British East India Company 497, 575
n
41

Polk, James Knox, US President 488, 494

Polo, Marco 336
n

Polybius, Greek historian 252, 279, 293, 294, 295

Polychronicon
(Higden) 467, 468, 471

Polynesia 9, 23
n

Population

density 152-153, 373, 376, 412, 412
n
, 415, 494

growth 414-415, 489, 490-495, 527-528, 530-1, 535, 545, 547, 557, 572
n
42, 577
n
9

movement
(see also
Deportation) 18-19, 22, 24, 64-66, 126, 141, 146, 163-167, 239-241, 273-275, 293-294, 325, 332, 339
n
, 343-344, 360, 376, 378-379, 391-392, 394, 411, 423, 433, 435, 437, 486-487, 491-492, 492
n
, 495, 506, 531, 534-537, 538
n

Portugal

Asian empire 385-390, 396-398, 519

and China 148

maritime explorations 334-336, 382, 478

Muslim presence 99, 384

trading empire 385, 386-391

see also
Brazil

Portuguese
300, 325
n
, 331, 332
n
, 380, 382, 384, 385, 387-388, 390-395, 404
n
, 446, 476, 497-498, 499
n
, 513, 525-533, 536

in America 391-395

and Christianity 387-390, 398
n
, 401

expansion in Brazil 393

Posidippus, Greek dramatist 230

Posidonius, Greek scholar 276, 277

Prakrit
see
Sanskrit

Principia (Newton) 328

Prinsep, James, British scholar 503
n

Procopius, Byzantine historian 261-262, 311
n

Provençal
320
n

Proverbs of Aniqar
38, 83

Prussia 448

Psamtek I, pharaoh 129

Psamtek III, pharaoh 131

Ptah 113-114, 132

Ptolemaic dynasty 86, 131, 248-249, 251, 259, 276, 281

Punic
46, 75-78, 97, 100, 250, 307
n
, 536
see also
Phoenician

Puquina
356-357

Putonghuà
see
Chinese