Empire of the Sikhs (43 page)

Dalip Singh (Ranjit Singh's youngest son),
170–1
,
179
,
191
,
224–5
,
245
,
255
,
264

British ‘protection',
192–3
,
228–9
,
252

exile/death,
252–3

dals
(Sikh groupings),
47–8

Damodar (artist),
176

dance, as court entertainment,
160–1

Dara Shikoh (brother of Aurangzeb),
34

Darbar Sahib
see
Golden Temple

Daulat Khan Lodhi, Nawab,
23

Davidson, Basil,
19

Daya Kaur (wife of Ranjit Singh),
169–70

Delhi

British control,
97

Persian conquest,
114

Sikh attacks on,
51–2

Dera Ghazi Khan, annexation of,
120–1

Dera Ismail Khan, annexation of,
121

Desa Singh Majithia,
174

Desu
see
Budha Singh

Dhian Singh Dogra,
86
,
142
,
167
,
199
,
232–3

physical appearance,
164–5

death,
222

moral character,
129–30
,
132
,
205
,
210

role in power struggles (post-1839),
211–13
,
214–17
,
219–20

(suspected) murders,
211
,
212–13

Dick, Sir Robert, General,
248

Dina Nath,
132
,
175

Diwan Ganga Ram (infantry commander),
101–2

Dost Mohammad,
123–4

Dow, Alexander,
183

Drake, J.M., Captain,
261

Durrani tribe (Afghans), conflicts with Sikhs,
65–7
,
228

East India Company,
99
,
103–4
,
138
,
150–2
,
183
,
189
,
222
,
234

battlefield/business methods,
227–8
,
244

proclaimed objectives,
227
,
230
,
260

profits from Sikh Wars,
251

Eden, Emily,
178–9
,
221

Edwards, Major,
192–3

elephants,
184

Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl, Governer-General,
204–5
,
229–30
,
236
,
237
,
251
,
258

Elphinstone, Mountstuart,
105

European officers, Ranjit Singh's recruitment/use,
125–9

Fane, Sir Henry, General,
161
,
164–9
,
235

Farid, Sheikh,
29

Faridkot, annexation,
106

Fateh Singh of Ahluwalia,
196–8

Fateh Singh (son of Guru Gobind Singh),
42–3

Fauj-i-ain (regular army),
101
,
127–8

Fauj-i-khas (‘Royal Army'),
128
,
241

Ferozepur, Sikhs ordered not to attack,
238

Ferozeshahr, Battle of (21–22 December 1845),
239–42
,
244

festivals, religious, in Sikh state,
79–80
,
153–4

First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–6),
128
,
236–50

casualties,
240–1
,
242
,
244
,
248

danger of British defeat,
230–1
,
239–40
,
242
,
246
,
248

declaration,
237

financial cost to British,
251

provocation to,
236–7

treachery of Sikh commanders,
237–40
,
242
,
244–8

see also names of battles

France, territorial ambitions in India,
105–6
,
107

Francis I of France,
141–2

‘French legion'
see
Fauj-i-khas

Gajpat Singh, Raja (Ranjit Singh's grandfather),
55
,
58

Ganga Ram,
132

ghalugaras
(disasters),
49

Ghaus Khan (artillery commander),
102

Ghorchurras,
100–1

Ghulam Muhammad (Pathan leader),
59

Gilbert, Sir Walter, General,
257
,
259

Gobind Singh, Guru,
34
,
35
,
37–45
,
48
,
53
,
56
,
58
,
102
,
185
,
186
,
195

artistic depictions,
175–6
,
178

creation of
Khalsa
,
38–41
,
72
,
84
,
85
,
202
,
203–4
,
206

death,
44

literary/academic skills,
37

military activities,
37–8
,
41–2

relations with emperors,
42–3

relics,
89
,
91–2
,
134
,
261

Gokal (artist),
176

Golden Temple (Amritsar),
18

attacks on,
49
,
50–1

construction,
26–9

decoration,
177–8

design,
28

guards,
102

Gough, Sir Charles,
243–4

Gough, Sir Hugh, Field-Marshal,
232
,
242
,
245
,
256

unjustified claims of victory,
257
,
258

Governor-General, role/mandate,
227
see also names of individuals

Grand Trunk Road,
181

Grant, Sir Hope, General,
239–40

Granth Sahib
see
Guru Granth Sahib

Grewal, J.S.,
116–17

Griffin, Sir Lepel,
13
,
71
,
129
,
131
,
161

Guddan, Rani (wife of Ranjit Singh),
200

Gujrat, Battle of (21 February 1849),
258–9

Gul Badam/Begum (wife of Ranjit Singh),
158
,
184

Gulab Singh Dogra,
142
,
224

dealings with British,
231–3
,
244–7

misappropriation of state property,
217–19

moral character,
119
,
129–30
,
205
,
217–19
,
233

purchase of Jammu and Kashmir,
194
,
232
,
249
,
251
,
252

role in power struggles (post-1839),
213
,
215–17
,
218–19
,
220

Gupta, Hari Ram,
60
,
70
,
79
,
148–9
,
161

Gurbaksh Singh,
59
,
63
,
69

gurdwaras (houses of prayer),
33–4

artistic depictions,
176

construction,
36
,
52

Gurmukh Singh,
67–8

Guru Granth Sahib (Sikh holy book),
25
,
35
,
91
,
125
,
199
,
201

additions to,
26
,
29–30
,
37

role in devotional practices,
33–4
,
38
,
44–5
,
166
,
202

Gurus,
22–45

artistic depictions,
175–6

end of line,
44–5

relics, British appropriation,
260–1

see also names of individuals

Gwasha Lal Kaul,
118

hair, symbolic significance,
39

Haqiqat Singh,
59

Har Krishan, Guru,
35

Har Rai, Guru,
34–5

Hardinge, Lord Henry, Governor-General,
204–5
,
228–9
,
228–30
,
236–7
,
238–40
,
242–3
,
244–7
,
249
,
251
,
258

Hargobind, Guru,
31–4
,
119

Hari Singh Nalwa, General,
118–20
,
122
,
123–4
,
130
,
133
,
142
,
143
,
175
,
196

Harkhu (artist),
176

Harmandir Sahib
see
Golden Temple

Hashmat Khan (Chatha leader),
64

Hasrat, Bikrama Jit,
48–9
,
72
,
223

Havelock, Sir Henry, General,
240

Havelock, William, Lt-Col.,
257

Hazara
see
Jammu and Kashmir

Henry VIII of England,
141–2

Herbert, George,
209

Herries, W.R., Major,
241

Hindus/Hindu religion,
22–3

conflict with Sikhs,
37–8

hill chieftains,
37–8
,
41

places of worship,
87

role in united Punjab,
82–3
,
85–6

Hira Singh Dogra,
179
,
233

father's ambitions for,
213
,
214
,
220

Ranjit Singh's favouring of,
142
,
165

Hiuen Tang,
74

Holi, festival of,
79
,
153–4
,
168

Holkar, Jaswant Rao,
110

Hong Kong,
147

Honigberger, Martin,
179

Hugel, Charles, Baron,
55
,
83
,
176
,
183–4

Huien Tsang,
121

Humayun, Emperor,
114

hunting, Ranjit Singh's enjoyment of,
184

Hurdsir (wife of Ranjit Singh),
170

Ibrahim Lodhi, Emperor,
114

Iftikhar Khan, governor,
35

Imamuddin, Fakir,
86

India

ancient history,
19–21

British objectives in,
260

internal conflict, traditions of,
41

see also
Mughal Empire; Punjab; Sikh state

Indus (river)

navigation treaty,
146

strategic control of,
140–1

Industrial Revolution,
147

infantry, role in Sikh military strength,
101–2
,
127–8

Innes, Arthur D.,
243–4

Islam
see
Muslims

Jagdeo (wife of Ranjit Singh),
170

Jahan Dad Khan, governor,
112
,
122

Jahangir, Emperor,
30–1
,
33
,
86
,
87
,
183
,
190

Jai Singh Kanhaiya,
63

Jaidev,
29

Jaimal Singh Kanhaiya,
215

Jajau, Battle of,
43

Jammu and Kashmir, British takeover and separation from Punjab,
194
,
249–51

Jamrud, construction of fort,
124

Jassu Singh Ahluwalia,
50
,
51–2

Jawala Singh,
215–16

Jindan Kaur, Rani (consort of Ranjit Singh),
170–1
,
179
,
191
,
224–5
,
245
,
252
,
255
,
262

Jodh Singh,
77

Joseph, Wolff,
87–8

Jujhar Singh (son of Guru Gobind Singh),
42

Jullundari, Hafiz,
251

Kabir,
29

Kangra, as artistic centre,
173–5

Kanhayia
misl
,
215

alliance with Sukerchakia,
63
,
69
,
71
,
161–3

coinage,
187

conflicts with Sukerchakia,
58–9
,
69

Kapur Singh,
47–8
,
203
,
205
,
235

Kartarpur (village),
25

Kashmir,
109
,
112–14

famines (1820–2/1833),
133
,
180

Sikh annexation/governance,
117–20
,
133
,
149

see also
Jammu and Kashmir

Kashmira Singh (accepted son of Ranjit Singh),
169–70

Kaur, adoption as universal Sikh female surname,
39

Keane, Sir John, General,
211

Kempt, Sir James, General,
248

Khalsa (‘purified ones', Sikh fellowship),
84
,
85
,
129
,
201–5
,
265–6

assemblies,
203

creation,
38–41
,
84
,
202
,
206

response to power struggles,
206–7
,
223–4

khanda
(emblem of Khalsa),
186–7

Kharak Singh (Ranjit Singh's first son),
142
,
161
,
163–4
,
165–6
,
182
,
196
,
198

death,
211–12
,
214

reign,
191
,
209–11
,
217–18
,
224
,
234

Khushal Singh Jamadar,
86
,
133
,
175