Empire of the Sikhs (44 page)

Khusru (brother of Jahangir),
30

Khyber Pass,
120–1
,
124

Kirpa Ram, governor,
118

Koh-i-noor diamond,
111–14
,
115
,
134
,
149
,
166
,
183
,
199
,
218–19
,
263

Kohli, Sita Ram,
70

Kulu, Battle of (1841),
128

Ladakh, annexation,
119

Lahore

architecture,
74–5

conflicts over,
51
,
73–4
,
76–7

historical/political significance,
51
,
74

population/public health,
135–6

siege (January 1841),
215–17

as Sikh capital,
51
,
75–6
,
131

Treaty of (9 March 1846),
249–52

Second Treaty of (22 December 1846),
252

Lake, Gerard, 1st Viscount, General,
99–100
,
125

Lakhi Shah Lubana,
36

Lakhmidas (son of Nanak),
23–4

Lakhpat Rai, Diwan,
69
,
71
,
131

Lal Singh,
129–30
,
205
,
252

treachery in First Sikh War,
233
,
235
,
237–40
,
242
,
245–6

Latif, Syad Muhammad,
78
,
119

Lawrence, H.M.L., Major,
20
,
171
,
235
,
247
,
252
,
258–9

Lehna Singh Majithia,
215

Leila (horse),
183

Littler, Sir John, General,
239

Login, Lady,
262–4

Login, Sir John,
252
,
261–4

Lotus (Amazon favourite of Ranjit Singh),
159–60

Louis-Philippe, King of France,
165

Luther, Martin,
22

Maclaren, Brigadier,
248

Mahan Singh Sukerchakia (Ranjit Singh's father),
55
,
57–60
,
67
,
69
,
118

illness/death,
59
,
63–4
,
69

military reforms,
59–60

moral character,
59

Mahmud (brother of Zaman Shah),
111

Mahmud of Ghazni,
21
,
74

Mahtab Devi (wife of Ranjit Singh),
169

Mai Dessan (Ranjit Singh's grandmother),
57–8

Mai Lachhmi,
169

Mai Malwain
see
Raj Kaur (Ranjit Singh's mother)

Mamola (wife of Ranjit Singh),
158

Mandi, Battle of (1841),
128

Mardana (follower of Nanak),
175
,
178

Masson, Charles,
134

McCaskill, Sir John, General,
241

McGregor, W.L., Dr,
95–6

McLeod, D.F.,
192

meeri
/
peeri
(temporal/spiritual concerns),
32

Mehtab Kaur (Ranjit Singh's first wife),
62–3
,
69
,
161–2
,
169

Metcalfe, Sir Charles,
96
,
101
,
164

divisive tactics,
139–40

and Sutlej Treaty,
105–9

Mian Singh, Colonel,
135

militancy, role in Sikh philosophy,
37
,
39–40
,
47–8

Miller, Henry,
173

miniatures,
173–5

Minto, 1st Earl of, Governor-General,
99
,
104
,
140
,
151

Mir Mannu, governor,
50

misls
(Sikh confederacies),
17

coinage,
187–8

conflicts between,
58–9
,
63–4
,
72
,
73–4
,
76–8

geographical distribution,
61

military capabilities/significance,
48–9
,
51
,
52

Ranjit Singh's plans to unite,
71–2
,
76

see also names of specific misls

Mohammed Ghori,
88

Mohammed Shah, Mufti,
85

Mokham Chand, General,
107
,
113
,
115
,
118
,
140

monarchy

conflict with Sikh ideology,
201–3
,
266

problems for Sikh state,
206–8
,
266

Monroe Doctrine,
146–7

monuments (to Ranjit Singh), lack of,
14
,
83

Moorcroft, William,
119

Moran (wife of Ranjit Singh),
155–8
,
184
,
190–1

Moti Ram, governor,
118
,
133

Muazzam, Prince
see
Bahadur Shah

Mudki, skirmish at (18 December 1845),
238–9

Mughal Empire,
21
,
114

alliances with Sikhs,
43

coinage,
186–7

conflicts with Sikhs,
30–8
,
41–53
,
186–7

relations with British,
97
,
105

see also names of emperors

Muin-ul-Mulk (Mughal commander),
53

Mukhlis Khan (general),
33

Mulraj, Diwan,
175
,
191–2
,
254
,
255

Multan

annexation,
111
,
115–16
,
117

coinage,
191–2

hostilities at (April-October 1848),
254–6

silk industry,
181

Multana Singh (son of Ranjit Singh),
169–70

Munro, John, Lt,
241

Murat, Joachim, Marshal,
123
,
126

Murray, William, Captain,
134
,
135

Muslims/Muslim religion

alliances with Sikhs,
42

invasion of India,
20–1

places of worship,
87

Ranjit Singh's interactions with,
80–1

Ranjit Singh's marriages with,
81
,
156

relics,
89

religious observances,
80–1
,
85

role in united Punjab,
82–3
,
85–6
,
87

see also
Mughal Empire

Muzaffar Khan (Afghan commander),
111

Nadir Shah of Persia,
20
,
49–50
,
88
,
114

Najib-ud-Daulah,
53

Namdev,
29

Nanak, Guru,
14
,
22–5
,
29
,
33
,
34
,
65
,
80
,
82

artistic depictions,
175
,
176
,
178

coinage in name of,
186
,
189

Nanaki (sister of Nanak),
23

Nanakshahi coins,
189–90
,
193–4

Nanki Kaur (bride of Nau Nihal Singh),
164
,
214

Napoleon I,
11
,
103–4
,
105–6
,
123
,
126
,
227
,
229–30

Narang, Sir Gokul Chand,
60

Nau Nihal Singh (Ranjit Singh's grandson),
142
,
163–4

death,
212–13
,
214

moral character,
210–11

political ambitions/manoeuvres,
211–12

wedding festivities (1837),
164–9
,
180
,
196
,
235

Nawaz Khan, Shah, governor,
49

Nikka (artist),
176

Nizam-ud-Din, governor,
72
,
85

Nodh Singh (Ranjit Singh's great-grandfather),
56

Nowshera, Battle of (1823),
123
,
128

Nur Jehan, Empress,
183
,
190

Nur-ud-din (Nuruddin), Fakhir,
86
,
136
,
175

Ochterlony, David, Lt-Col.,
107
,
151–2

Orlich, Leopold von, Captain,
96

Osborne, W.G.,
92–3
,
103
,
132
,
158–9
,
160–1
,
179
,
241

Payne, C.H.,
55
,
199–200

Peel, Sir Robert,
241

Peshawar

annexation of,
120–4
,
128

dependencies,
150

history,
121–2

Ranjit Singh's entry into,
88
,
123

strategic significance,
120–1

Peshoura Singh (accepted son of Ranjit Singh),
169–70

Pir Muhammad (Chatha leader),
58
,
59

Porus of Paurava, King,
19–20
,
74
,
258

Pottinger, Henry, Colonel,
145
,
146

Partap Singh (Ranjit Singh's grandson),
179
,
222

Prinsep, Henry T.,
75
,
91
,
92
,
119
,
143
,
148–9
,
153–4

Ptolemy,
74

Punjab

British annexation of (1849),
183
,
193–4
,
225
,
260

administrative changes after,
264–5

moves towards,
229–30
,
251–3
,
258–9

opposition to,
258

spoils of,
260–4

history/geography,
20–2
,
49–51

provinces,
94–5
,
134
,
264–5

Sikh assumption of control,
51

see also
Sikh state

quoits (military weapon),
103

Rae, Kushwaqt,
70

Rae Singh,
200

ragis
(singers),
33–4

Rai Kalha (Muslim leader),
42

Rai Mahlak Deo,
114

Raj Banso (wife of Ranjit Singh),
169

Raj Kaur (Ranjit Singh's aunt),
57

Raj Kaur (Ranjit Singh's mother),
55
,
58
,
65
,
68–71

death,
69–71
,
72

Raj Kaur of Nakkai (wife of Ranjit Singh),
162
,
165–6

Rakabganj Sahib, Gurdwara,
36

Ram Das, Guru,
27

Ram Rai (son of Har Rai),
35

Ramgarhia
misl
,
63
,
76–7

Ramnagar, Battle of (22 November 1848),
256–7

Ranjit Singh

biography

accession to chieftainship,
13
,
64

ancestry,
51
,
56–60
,
68

assassination attempts,
64
,
77
,
103

birth,
51
,
55
,
58
,
60

boyhood,
55–6
,
62–5

death/burial,
198–201

marriages,
62–3
,
69
,
81
,
156
,
158
,
161–71

as military leader

attacks on British territory,
104–5

boyhood experiences,
63–4

conflicts/negotiations with Afghans,
65–7
,
111–24
,
183

conflicts with other Sikh
misls
,
73–4
,
76–8

employment of European officers/methods,
100
,
125–9

forces, numerical strength/composition,
100–3
,
168
,
201

maintenance of discipline,
103
,
116

personal leadership,
96
,
123
,
129

response to betrayal,
122–3

selection of subordinates,
129–30

territorial gains,
116–17

personal life/characteristics

accusations of loose living,
153–4
,
156–7

appearance/physical characteristics,
55

curiosity,
93
,
165
,
167–9

daily routine,
91–4
,
96–7

dislike of personal aggrandizement,
18
,
82
,
83

dress,
75–6
,
143
,
165

eating/drinking habits,
93–4
,
97
,
154–5
,
167
,
198

health,
55
,
62
,
195
,
198

horsemanship,
143
,
182–4

education,
64
,
81
,
92
,
130–1

linguistic skills,
68
,
81
,
93

portraits,
175
,
178–9

relationships with women,
15
,
68–74
,
81
,
96–7
,
153–71

religious faith/observances,
16–17
,
68
,
79
,
91–2
,
188
,
201–2