Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (129 page)

Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans
(2000) and Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(1992), using other evidence, endorse Rothenberg’s view that rural capitalism arose at the end of the eighteenth century. Appleby, in particular, nicely captures the early nineteenth-century culture out of which the myth of the self-made man arose. On capitalism, see also Paul A. Gilje, ed.,
Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early American Republic
(1997). Of the many works on artisans, see Howard B. Rock,
Artisans of the New Republic: The Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson
(1978); Bruce Laurie,
Working People of Philadelphia, 1800–1850
(1980); Ronald Schultz,
The Republic of Labor: Philadelphia Artisans and the Politics of Class, 1720–1830
(1993); Charles G. Steffen,
The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763–1812
(1984); and Rosalind Remer,
Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic
(1996). Stuart M. Blumin,
The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900
(1989) is the best study of the development of the middle class out of an eighteenth-century society divided between a gentry elite and commoners.

On debt and bankruptcy, see Peter J. Coleman,
Debtors and Creditors in America: Insolvency, Imprisonment for Debt and Bankruptcy, 1607–1900
(1974); Scott A. Sandage,
Born Losers: A History of Failure in America
(2005); and Bruce H. Mann,
Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of the American Independence
(2002).

Susan Dunn,
Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison and the Decline of Virginia
(2007) is the best book on the decay of the once most powerful state in the Union.

Index

abolitionism,
143
,
518
–19,
541

Act of Settlement,
400

“actual malice” standard,
257
n45

Adair, John,
384

Adams, Abigail,
249
,
496
,
549

Adams, Henry,
315
n1,
440

Adams, John: and the Alien Friends Act,
261

and aristocratic ceremony,
81
–82

and the arts,
549

and banking,
99

and the Barbary Wars,
635

and the Bill of Rights,
70

and Burr,
279
,
385
n63

and class divisions,
22
–24,
223
,
226
,
234

on common language,
48
,
49

and conspiracy theories,
245

and “Discourses on Davila,”
146
,
151

and domestic insurrection,
265
n64

and elections,
210
,
212
,
278

and family structure,
495

and the federal judiciary,
401
,
403
,
419

and the First Congress,
63
–64

and the French Revolution,
185

and the Great Seal,
554
–55

and Hamilton,
274
–75

and honor codes,
236

inauguration of,
238
,
288

and individual rights,
19

and international commerce,
190
–92

and Jefferson,
277

and Madison,
699

and market competition,
325

and Marshall,
435

and military power,
240
,
264
,
266
–67

and monarchism,
82
–84

and nationalism,
43

and newspapers,
256

and North-South tensions,
146

and peace efforts with France,
272
–75

and presidential powers,
88
–89

and public education,
477

and religion,
577

and the sciences,
544
,
724

and sectional conflict,
165
–66

and Sedition Acts,
257

on settlement of America,
37

and slavery,
525
,
527
,
537

and social changes,
340
–41

and structure of government,
212
–13

and Washington,
75
,
78
,
81
–82,
157
–58,
565

and western settlement,
546
n10

and the XYZ Affair,
242
,
244

Adams, John Quincy: and the Barbary Wars,
697

and Chase impeachment,
424

and French influence,
239

and impressment,
641

on Jefferson and Madison,
147

and patronage,
300

and suffrage expansions,
305

and trade disputes,
667

and the War of 1812,
695

Adams, Samuel,
51
,
212
,
561
,
562
,
577

Addison, Alexander,
427

Addison, Joseph,
304
,
550

Adventists,
617

adversarial justice,
447
–48

advice and consent powers,
88
–89

advisory opinions,
454

Africa,
39
,
540
.
See also
slavery

African Americans,
337

African culture,
600

African Methodist Episcopal Church,
599

Age of Reason
(Paine),
199
–200,
589

agrarian laws,
8

agriculture: and American exceptionalism,
45

and the American labor force,
706

and industrial development,
100
–101

and international commerce,
626
,
627
–28

and market economics,
322
–24,
325
–26

and Native Americans,
124
,
397
–98

and overseas commerce,
625
–26

and political parties,
168
n72

and population growth,
318

and public education,
474

and sea island planters,
527

and sectional conflict,
164
–65

and slavery,
509
–11,
527
–29,
734
–35

and territorial expansion,
367
–68

and western settlement,
359
,
361

Alabama,
530

alcohol,
344
,
398
,
597
.
See also
temperance movements

Alcuin: A Dialogue
(Brown),
507

Algiers,
634
–36,
638
,
696
–97

Alien Act: and constitutional issues,
145

enforcement of,
260
,
262

and the Federalist Party,
247
–50,
268

and judicial review,
433

and Marshall,
433
,
435

and nullification,
269
–71

and partisanship,
268
,
269

and sectional conflict,
267

Alien Enemies Act,
249

Alien Friends Act,
249
–50,
260
–62

Allen, Ethan,
227
,
579

Allen, Levi,
112

Allen, Richard,
599
,
600

Allston, Washington,
574
–75

amendments.
See
Bill of Rights (U.S.);
specific amendments

American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
477
,
722
–23,
735

American Academy of Fine Arts,
567
,
568

American Antiquarian Society,
477

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,
491

American Catholic Church,
592

American Colonization Society,
541

American exceptionalism,
44
,
50
,
544

American Geography
(Morse),
244
,
328
,
387
–88

American Ornithology
(Wilson),
393

American Philosophical Society,
143
,
186
,
332
,
394
,
477
,
544
,
735

American Revolution: and Adams,
82

and class divisions,
38

and Congress,
142

and cultural influence,
544
,
552
–53,
554
,
557
–58,
560
,
570

debt from,
95
–97,
150
,
154

and democratization of politics,
712

and education,
47

and the Enlightenment,
4
,
37

and family structure,
495
,
500

and freemasonry,
51

and the French Revolution,
174

and Hamilton,
90

and the Invalid Pension Act,
453

and Jefferson,
287

and lawyers,
402
–3

and legal reforms,
406

and Marshall,
434

and presidential power,
85

and religion,
578
,
581
,
585
,
605
–6

and republicanism,
6
–7

and slavery,
540
–41

and social structure,
2
,
3
,
30
–31,
341

and state legislatures,
16
–17

and trade policy,
189

Ames, Fisher: and banking,
293
–94

and class divisions,
35

and cultural issues,
373

and decline of the Federalists,
305

and Democratic-Republican Societies,
203

and excessive democracy,
303

and the federal judiciary,
418

and the First Congress,
60
–61

and free commerce,
194

and immigration,
39

and international commerce,
199

and the Louisiana Purchase,
369

and military power,
266

and partisanship,
308
,
333

and political gossip,
159

and the Sedition Act,
261

and suffrage expansions,
305

and western settlement,
358

and the XYZ Affair,
243

Ames, Nathaniel,
333

anarchy,
176

Anderson, Eliza,
571
–72

Andover Theological Seminary,
603
–4,
615

Anglican Church,
576
,
578
,
580
,
585
,
613

Anglicans,
337

Annals of Congress
,
60

Annapolis Convention,
90

anthropology,
540

Anti-Federalists: and the Bill of Rights,
66
–67,
71

and class divisions,
35

and excise taxes,
135

and executive power,
72
–73

and the federal judiciary,
409