Divided we Fail (41 page)

public accommodations desegregation, 57–58, 65

Public Agenda poll (1999), 157

pupil reassignment plan lawsuit, 2011, 190–91

QUEST (Quality Education for All Students), 128–29, 130–31, 140–41, 154, 159–60, 163

race and demographics, 197–98

racial discrimination: housing, 21, 43, 44–45, 48–49, 58–59, 63–65, 96–97;
public accommodation and transportation, 57–58, 65

racial harassment and intimidation: bombing, 48; cross burning, 48, 54; Jim Crow era, 33; school choice and, 167; school desegregation, 16, 22, 160; White Citizens Council, 53, 54; white teenage, 7–8.
See also
Ku Klux Klan

racial integration: black activists on, xi–xii, 37; Du Bois on, 42, 49, 96, 147–48, 197; educational benefits of, 183; housing, 21, 44–45, 48–49, 58–59, 63–65, 68, 198; military progress in, 58–59; poverty and, 62–65; public accommodation and transportation, 57–58, 65; white view of, 120.
See also
desegregation; school desegregation

racial quotas.
See
school desegregation

racial turmoil and violence: civil rights, 19–20, 68, 70–72, 76; school desegregation, 52, 90, 91, 93–94, 102

racism: acceptance of, 97; color-blindness and, 47, 96, 119, 152–53, 187; in Louisville, 19, 20, 37, 59; political, 197; sexual stereotypes and, 43; among teaching staff, 53–54

Raleigh, North Carolina, 190

Reagan, Ronald, 26, 104–5, 116–17, 118, 120

Reed, Stanley, 47

Rehnquist, William, 88, 118, 139, 175, 182

Reid, Manfred, 70

“resegregation” of schools, 128

Rhee, Michelle, 196

Richmond, Virginia, 154–55

Robert Frost Middle School, 7–8, 12

Roberts, John, 182, 185, 186

Rockefeller, Nelson, 79

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 37

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 63

Ruffra, Jean, 89, 127

“rurbanization,” 75

Russell Junior High School, 109–10

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Elementary School, xi, 108

San Francisco, 155

SAVE (Saving African-American Values and Economy), 130, 146

Save Our Community Schools (SOCS), 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 127

Scalia, Antonin, 185

Schaffner Elementary School, 76

Schmied, Kenneth, 71, 72

school choice, 24, 55–56, 78, 79, 157, 170, 196.
See also
Project Renaissance

school desegregation: achievement gap and, x, xi, 77–78, 127, 129, 168–69, 176, 177–78, 183, 191; affirmative action and, 79, 175–76, 182, 191; Afrocentric schools and studies and, 22, 26–27, 179; alternative schools and, 20, 124, 130, 160, 188, 192; black activists on, 24–25, 112, 124–25, 127, 128, 131–32, 140, 151, 153; black Americans on, xi–xii, 23–24, 49–50, 120; black educator view of, 49–50; black parents on, 129, 192; boycotts, 90; busing as tool in, ix, 4–5, 7, 25, 79–80, 84–85; in California, 46–47; charter schools use in, xii, 198; civil rights movement and, ix, 56–57, 89; clustering schools use in, 129; educational opportunity and, 160–65; end of, ix; exemptions to, 15, 140; federal legislation on, 90; gerrymandering school zones and, 86; HEW guidelines on, 77, 78, 81–82, 85; incentive programs use and, 126, 127, 128–30, 140; low-income housing and, 86; magnet schools use in, 2, 83, 113–14, 130, 155, 162, 169, 191; mandates, 52–53, 54–56, 62, 86, 176; preferential assignment use in, 183; promise of, 167, 189, 194–95; protest zones, 22, 93–94; questioning the wisdom of, 117, 120; racial quotas use in, x, 2–3, 11, 15, 22–23, 27, 90, 113, 124–26, 129, 140, 162, 167, 169, 173, 182; racial turmoil and violence, 52, 90, 91, 93–94, 102; school choice as tool of, 27, 55–56, 129, 132–34, 137–38, 156–57; school closure as tool of, ix, x, 50, 90, 103, 109, 110–11, 115, 153, 160, 180, 196; school systems mergers and, 84, 88, 90, 160; school transfer ban in, 154; separate but
equal doctrine use in, 43, 47, 50; student gains through, 191; teacher layoff and firing use in, x, 110, 114, 153, 195–96; traditional schools and, 173–76, 177–78, 181–82; of unitary school districts, 117, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 169; urban school district decline and, 116; weighted lottery use in, 154–55; zoning use in, 81.
See also
busing

school funding, 25, 38–39, 50–51, 85–86, 125

school “resegregation,” 128

school vouchers, 156–57

Seattle case.
See Parents v. Seattle School District

segregation: housing, 44–45, 48–49, 88, 96–97; Jim Crow–era, 4, 17, 19, 26, 42; Louisville, 36–37; separate but equal doctrine and, 43, 47, 50; sexual stereotypes and, 43

Shawnee High School: graduation rates, 138; integration of, 67, 95, 160; as majority black school, 15–16; reputation of, 13, 18, 142–43

Shawnee Junior High School, 110

Shawnee neighborhood, 68

Shields, Terrell, 146

Shively, Kentucky, 5, 48, 74–75, 75–76, 97

Shively Newsweek
, 48, 74, 81

Silent Majority, 89, 197–98

Simple Justice
(Kluger), 147

Sims, Robert, 70, 71–72

single-parent black families, 26

sit-ins, x, 57

Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 181, 182

Sizemore, Barbara, 128

“small schools” movement, 177

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 71

social issues and black achievement, 26, 104

socioeconomic status, 189–90, 197.
See also
poverty

SOCS (Save Our Community Schools), 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 127

Souls of Black Folk
(Du Bois), 147

South End neighborhood, xi, 5

Southern Baptists, 19

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 70

Southern High School, 22, 93, 94

“The Southern Strategy” (Nixon), 79

special education tracks, 15, 161

Spond, Joyce: early years of, 74, 75–76; as school volunteer, 76–77, 91, 92; as SOCS activist, 84–85, 87, 88–89, 90, 91, 103, 127, 173–74

Stallworth, Deborah, 133, 151, 154, 163, 166, 186, 187

standards.
See
accountability and outcomes

Stanley, Frank, 57

Stevenson, Adlai, 55

Stoner, Jacquelyn: activism of, 28; as
Hampton
lawsuit plaintiff, 133, 138; high school experience of, 15–17, 93, 95, 143; as a parent, 13–14, 15, 17, 18; personality of, 15

Stoner, Ja'Mekia: Central High admissions efforts of, 13–14, 17–18, 27, 138; on discrimination, 192; elementary school experience of, 14–15, 142; as
Hampton
lawsuit plaintiff, 133, 143; high school experience of, 142–43, 192; lessons learned from her mother, 17; middle school experience of, 15, 28, 142

Stoner, La'Quinn, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18

student assignment plans, 81, 129, 132–33, 189–90

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 71

suburban black population, 97, 113

suburban development, 36, 74–75

suburban school districts, 84, 97, 198

suburban students, 97, 113

summer learning loss, 188

summer riots of 1960s, 68, 70, 76, 77

Supreme Court, U.S.: on affirmative action, 175–76, 182, 191; assassination threat, 54; on busing, 118, 119, 120; on desegregation, 32; on racial integration, 186–87, 199; on school desegregation, ix, 43, 45, 76, 78–80, 83–84, 117, 127, 181–87, 189; segregated housing law ruling, 37, 43

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Education
, 79–80, 83, 117, 155

“teaching the test,” 125

teen pregnancy rates, 116

Tenth Ward School, 108

Thernstrom, Abigail, 178

Thernstrom, Stephan, 178

Thomas, Clarence, 119–20, 185, 186

Thomas, Fran Newton: activism of, 21–22, 23, 25, 28, 58–59, 130–31, 132, 137, 159, 168, 169, 187–88; on all-black schools, 163–64, 166; early years of, 34–35, 37–38, 39–40, 64, 66; education of, 37–38, 39, 50; personality of, 21; Deborah Stallworth and, 133

Thomas, Virgil, 58–59

Thomas Jefferson High School, 110, 111, 142

Till, Emmett, 65–66, 69

Time
, 55, 85

Todd, Pat, 162–63, 174, 175

To Die for the People
(Newton), 72

traditional schools, 173–76, 177–78, 181–82

Traxler, William Byrd, Jr., 155

truancy, 114

Truman, Harry, 58

“twoness” and identity, 96, 147, 197

2011 pupil reassignment plan lawsuit, 190–91

unemployment, 26, 37, 72

UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), 37

unitary school districts, 117, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 169

United Theological Seminary, 127

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 37

University of California v. Bakke
, 144

University of Kentucky, 24, 43

University of Louisville, 39, 97

University of Michigan, 175–76, 182, 191

University of Mississippi, x

urban decay, 62–63

urban population, 75

urban renewal, 50, 62–65, 67, 188, 196

urban school district decline, 116

Valley Station, Kentucky, 97

values and community strength, 199

Vietnam War protests, 68–69

Vinson, Fred, 46

violence.
See
racial turmoil and violence

Virginia Union University, 33

VISTA, 70

vouchers, school, 156–57

Wade, Andrew, 44–45, 48, 53, 74, 76

Walcott, Dennis, 26

Walker, Newman, 81

Walker, Vanessa Siddle, 32

Wallace, George, 79, 85

War on Poverty, 70, 105

Warren, Earl, 46–48, 78–79, 117

Washington, Booker T., 32–33, 42, 49, 69

Washington, DC, 196

Washington Post
, 85–86, 119, 120

Watergate scandal, 88, 90

wealth gap, 26

Weathers, Carman: activism of, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 137, 140, 163, 168, 187, 188; on all-black high schools, 115, 164–65, 166; appearance of, 20; coaching career of, 109–10; on desegregation, 194, 197; early years of, 107–8; Lyman Johnson and, 108; as SAVE founder, 130, 146; school closures and, 110, 111; on school desegregation, 124–25, 131–32, 140, 153; self-advocacy of, 109; Deborah Stallworth and, 133; views on race, 20–21, 168

weighted lottery, 154–55

West Chestnut Street Baptist Church, 180

West End Community Council, 70

Whitaker, Stanley, 110

white activists, 84–85, 87–91, 127, 173–74

White Citizens Council, 53, 54

white flight: civil rights movement and, 64–65; prevention of, 192; school desegregation and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 102–3, 112–13, 116; suburbanization and, 68, 176; urbanization and, 75

white majority schools, 56, 95, 96, 108,
110–11

white parents: on busing, 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 103, 112; school choice and, 157, 170; traditional schools and, 174.
See also
white flight

white school districts, 198

white school officials, 124

white students: assessment testing of, 121, 177; busing of, 112–13; magnet schools and, 55–56, 129, 132–33, 133–34; school choice and, 157, 170; socioeconomic status and, 190

Whiting, John, 95, 160–61

Whitney Young Elementary School, 173

Wilkins, Roger, 85–86

Williams, Aubrey, 159, 160, 166

Wilson, Atwood, 50–51, 66–67

Withers, Daniel, 180

Woodward, C. Vann, 75

X, Malcolm, 22, 68, 69, 96, 119, 127, 130

X, Riccardo: activism of, 24, 27, 70, 179–81, 187; as African Studies teacher, 22, 179, 189; on busing, 98; as CEASE member, 151; early years of, 22, 62–63, 65, 67–68, 69–70, 188; education of, 72–73; as high school history teacher, 93, 94, 95, 98, 132; retirement of, 189

zoning, use in school desegregation, 81

Beacon Press
25 Beacon Street

Boston, Massachusetts 02108-2892

www.beacon.org

Beacon Press books

are published under the auspices of

the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.

© 2013 by Sarah Garland

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

16 15 14 13    8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Text design by Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Garland, Sarah.

Divided we fail : the story of an African American community that ended the era of school desegregation / Sarah Garland.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8070-0177-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)

E-ISBN 978-0-8070-0178-3

1. Parents Involved in Community Schools—Trials, litigation, etc. 2. Seattle Public
Schools—Trials, litigation, etc. 3. Jefferson County Public Schools—Trials, litigation, etc.
4. School integration—Law and legislation—Kentucky—Louisville. 5. Affirmative action
programs in education—Law and legislation—Kentucky—Louisville. I. Title.

KF229.G37 2012

344.73'0798—dc23                      2012027732