Divided we Fail (39 page)

13
. Pappano, “Closing Time.”

14
. For example, “Governor Chris Christie Designates Week of January 22rd [
sic
], 2012 School Choice Week in New Jersey,” State of New Jersey, January 23, 2012,
http://nj.gov/governor/
.

15
. Concept of black and white double-consciousness: Wells et al.,
Both Sides
, 26–35.

16
. Jeffrey Passel and D'Vera Cohn,
U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050
(Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, February 11, 2008),
http://www.pewhispanic.org/
.

17
. Richard Fry,
The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of U.S. Public Schools
(Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, August 30, 2007),
http://www.pewhispanic.org/
.

18
. Office of Public Affairs, “New Guidance Supports Voluntary Efforts to Promote Diversity and Reduce Racial Isolation in Education” (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, December 2, 2011),
http://www.ed.gov/
.

19
. Richard Fry,
Sharp Growth in Suburban Minority Enrollment Yields Modest Gains in School Diversity
(Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, March 31, 2009)
http://www.pewhispanic.org/
.

20
. Meredith P. Richards, Kori J. Stroub, and Jennifer Jellison Holme, “Can NCLB Choice Work? Modeling the Effects of Interdistrict Choice on Student Access to Higher-Performing Schools” (New York: Century Foundation, May 31, 2011),
http://tcf.org/
.

21
. Erica Frankenberg, Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, and Jia Wang,
Choice Without Equity: Charter School Segregation and the Need for Civil Rights Standards
(Los Angeles: Civil Rights Project, UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, January 2010),
http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/
.

22
. Purpose Built Communities,
http://purposebuiltcommunities.org/
.

23
. See the
Brown
decision and Irons,
Jim Crow's Children
, 162–63: “The primary role of public education lies in fostering ‘cultural values' and ‘good citizenship' among children.”

INDEX

 

 

 

 

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

ABC/Washington Post poll, 120

accountability and outcomes: achievement gap and, 127, 194, 198; black educators and, 53, 195–96; in black majority schools, 161; black students and, 102, 121, 160, 161, 177–78, 183, 188–89, 195; educational assessment, 105, 121, 125, 177, 191; educational standards and, 104, 105, 106, 161; equal outcomes and, 146–47; failing schools and, 104–5, 120–21; legislation, 125; racial achievement gap and, 97–98, 149; results controversy, 125–26; teacher quality and, 195–96

achievement gap: accountability and, 127, 194, 198; busing and, 20, 129; closing, 86, 194, 198; persistence of, 167, 189; poverty and, 190; reduction, 105; school desegregation and, x, xi, 168–69, 176, 177–78, 183, 191; school segregation and, 77–78; social issues and, 104; summer learning loss and, 188; test scores and, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 121, 177–78; widening, 121

Advance Program tracks: black communities and, 24, 194–95, 197; creation of, 169; decline, 114; racial disparities in, xi, 114, 131, 139, 160, 161, 166; racial guideline exemption of, 15; traditional schools and, 174.
See also
gifted and talented programs

affirmative action, 79, 175–76, 182, 191

affluence and educational opportunity, 101, 114, 121, 128, 176–77, 192, 198.
See also
poverty

African Americans.
See
black Americans

African Methodist Episcopal Church, 33

Afrocentric schools and studies, 22, 26–27, 179

Ali, Muhammad, 8, 22, 65–66, 69

Alito, Samuel, 182, 185

all-black schools: Afrocentric, 22, 26–27, 179; black activists on, 32–33, 115, 163–64, 164–65, 166; closures, x, 50; conditions in, 38, 50, 62–63; numbers of, 55; as product of segregation, 118; test scores and, 169.
See also
black majority schools

all-white schools, numbers of, 55.
See also
white majority schools

alternative schools: racial composition of, 20, 124, 130, 160, 188, 192; special education tracks, 15, 161

American Civil Liberties Union, 158

American values, 199

Anchorage (Kentucky) School District, 88, 90

anti-busing protest.
See
busing

anti-poverty programs, 194–95

Atherton High School, 67, 96

athletic success and school desegregation, 39, 82–83, 95

Autobiography of Malcolm X
, 72

Bakke, Allan, 144

Ballantine, Thomas, 114

Ballard High School, 103, 112, 127, 138, 162, 164

Bardstown, Kentucky, 74, 75

BCC (Black Cultural Center), 22, 179, 189

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 177

Bittersweet Shopping Center, 22, 93–94

black achievement: black communities and, 168, 194–95, 197; desegregation and, x, xi, 20, 77–78, 124–25, 126, 127, 128–29, 191; dropout rates and, 102, 114; school funding and, 25, 85–86; social problems and, 26, 104; test scores and, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 121.
See also
accountability and outcomes; achievement gap

black activists and activism: anti-busing, 19, 84–85, 88, 91, 94–95, 112, 113; on black majority schools, 124–25, 126–27, 146; on the
Brown
decision, 40, 146–47; on desegregation, xi–xii, 32–33, 42, 49, 83–84, 126–27, 128–29; on education reforms, xii, 101, 104–5, 195–96; on school funding, 85–86; view of school choice, 24.
See also
civil rights movement;
specific activists

black Americans: middle income, 38, 96–97, 116; school expectations of, ix–x, xii, 49–50, 197; unemployment, 37; view of busing, 85–87, 94–95; view of school desegregation, xi–xii, 23–24, 49–50, 120

black colleges, 33, 108

black communities: black identity and, 96, 97, 103, 124–25, 128, 197; student achievement and, 194–95, 197; urban renewal and, 50, 62–65, 67, 188, 196

Black Cultural Center (BCC), 22, 179, 189

black educators: accountability systems for, 53, 195–96; decline in, 110; demotion of, 160; layoffs and dismissals, x, 53, 110, 153, 195–96; resignations, 110, 114; teacher desegregation and, 57; teacher pay movement, 42; view of school desegregation, 49–50; in white majority schools, 56

black flight, 9, 96–97, 103, 116

black identity: duality of, 96, 147, 197; loss of, 96, 97, 103, 124–25, 128, 197

black majority schools: as alternative schools, 188; black activist view of, 124–25, 126–27, 146; closure of, 50, 90, 110, 115, 160, 196; control of, 180–81; desegregation-rule exemptions and, 140; educational outcomes and, 161; loss of community and, 103; test scores, 121.
See also
all-black schools; black neighborhood schools;
specific schools

black middle-income families, 38, 96–97, 116

Blackmun, Harry A., 91

Black Nationalism, 25–26, 37, 69, 85–86, 96

black neighborhood schools, 24, 31–33, 38–39, 153, 169.
See also
all-black schools; black identity; black majority schools

Black Panthers, 9, 22, 68–69, 71, 119

black parents: on black identity loss, 103; on busing, 97, 103, 113, 129; education levels of, 105; on school choice, 132–33; on school desegregation, 94, 120, 129, 192; single, 26

Black Power movements, 21, 70, 96

black students: achievement, 168, 194–95, 197; advance programs and, 24, 139; assessment testing of, 121, 177–78; and educational benefit of racial diversity, 183, 191, 195; gifted and talented programs and, 166, 169, 191; low-performing schools and, 24–25; magnet schools and, 24, 55–56, 81, 129, 132–33, 133–34; socioeconomic status and, 190; suspension rates of, 146, 160

black suburban population, 97

Black Unity League of Kentucky (BULK), 70, 71, 72

black upper-income families, 124

Bloomberg, Michael, 196

Bloom Elementary School, 173, 181

Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
, 118

Boston, 90, 91

Boston Latin School (Massachusetts), 155

boycotts, 50, 57

Braden, Anne: civil rights activism of, 21, 44–45, 46, 64, 70, 74, 130, 159, 187; Communist conspiracy charges against, 48–49, 54; death of, 188; early years of, 44

Braden, Carl, 44–45, 48–49, 54, 59, 64, 70, 74

Branch, Taylor, 147

Breyer, Stephen, 189

Brown, Linda, 46

Brown v. Board of Education:
black activist view of, 40, 146–47; local school district control and, 117; NAACP and, 77, 78, 183; Richard Nixon on, 79; promise of, 167, 189, 194–95; Supreme Court on, ix, x, 46–50, 56

Buchanan v. Worley
(residential segregation case), 43

Buechel Metropolitan High School, 124, 146, 188, 192

BULK (Black Unity League of Kentucky), 70, 71, 72

Burger, Warren, 117

Bush, George H. W., 118, 139, 156

Bush, George W., 177, 182

busing: achievement gap and, 20, 129; black activists on, 19, 81–82, 84–85, 88, 91, 94–95, 98, 112, 113; black Americans on, 85–87, 94–95; black flight and, 97, 103, 116; black parents on, 97, 103, 113, 129; black student achievement and, 168, 194–95, 197; constitutional amendment on, 87, 88; end of, 117, 120, 195, 198; federal legislation on, 90; as forced assimilation tool, 85–87, 104; James Gordon and, 89, 94, 95, 110; KERA mandated, 121, 125–26, 149, 177, 195; Edwin Meese III on, 116–17; opposition to, xii, 19, 81–82, 84–85, 85–87, 88, 90, 91, 93–94, 94–95, 112, 113; Plan X busing plan, 89, 94, 95, 110; as a political issue, 85–86, 87; racial tensions and, 7, 16, 22, 33, 48, 53, 54, 153, 160; as school desegregation tool, ix, 4–5, 7, 25, 79–80, 84–85, 95, 100, 103–4, 172–74; Supreme Court on, 118, 119, 120

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 190

Carmichael, Omer, 52–53, 54, 55–56

Carmichael, Stokely, 71, 210n42

Carter, Gene, 117

CEASE (Citizens for Equitable Assignment to School Environment): on Harold Fenderson, 180; founding of, 23, 24, 70, 188; Kentucky Alliance and, 159–60; membership of, 19, 20, 27, 151; on the
Meredith
case, 187; on racial quotas, 27, 132–34, 137–38; role in
Hampton
cases, 135–36, 137–39, 143–44, 152, 153, 154, 163, 168, 169–70, 187; on school choice, 24, 55–56, 78, 79, 157, 194

Central High School (Central Colored High School): athletic success of, 39, 82–83, 95; Black Cultural Center in, 22, 179, 189; as a black majority school, 179, 180–81, 187, 188–89; busing and, 95, 104, 112–13; choice provisions and, 56; closure threat, ix, 180; enrollment decline, 22, 23, 114; HEW recommendations for, 81–82; image of, 167–68; improvement funding, 38–39, 50–51, 85–86; as a magnet school, 2–3, 11, 83, 113, 114–15, 131, 137–38, 170; Male High School rivalry, 95; racial quotas and, 23, 27, 124–25, 132–34, 137–38, 140, 162, 169, 170, 179; restructuring, 188–89; student achievement and, 188–89; teacher resignations, 114; as traditionally black school, x, 8–9, 11, 22, 38–39, 66–67, 81; as a white majority school, 95–96. See also
Hampton v. Jefferson County Board of Education

Charlotte, North Carolina, 79–80, 155

charter schools, xii, 156, 176, 195, 198

Chenoweth Elementary School (Louisville, KY), 139

Chicago, 196

Chicago Defender
, 34, 196

Chisholm, Shirley, 85

choice movement, 24, 55–56, 78, 79, 157, 194, 196

Christian County High School (Hopkinsville, KY), 109

Churchill Downs, 5, 20

Citizens for Equitable Assignment to School Environment.
See
CEASE (Citizens for Equitable Assignment to School Environment)

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 77, 79, 82

Civil Rights Congress, 44

civil rights movement: black gains and, 26; black power movements in, 21, 70, 96; boycotts, 57; lunch counter sit-ins, 57; racial turmoil and violence and, 52, 68, 70–72, 76; school desegregation and, ix, 56–57, 89; white flight and the, 64–65

Clay, Cassius.
See
Ali, Muhammad

Clinton, Bill, 156

Coleman Report (“Equality of Educational Opportunity”), 77–78, 86

College Hill School, 30–31

color blindness, 47, 96, 119, 152–53, 187

Columbine High School shooting, 150

Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 98

Concerned Parents, 91

Conner, Sue, 91

Constitution, U.S., ix, 47, 87, 88, 144–45, 149, 152–53, 169

Cookson, Peter, 157

Coral Ridge Elementary School, 5–7, 192

Cortez, James, 71–72

Cosby, Kevin, 127–28

Cosby, Laken, 126–27

Cotter Homes (Louisville, KY), 72

Courier-Journal
. See
Louisville Courier-Journal

crack epidemic, 116

crime rates, 26, 116

Crisis
(NAACP publication), 42

Crispus Attucks High School, 109

Cunningham, Robert, 97–98

Daeschner, Stephen, 133, 148, 149, 167, 170, 175

Dave, Krystal, 97

Davis Wright Tremain law offices, 183

“Day Law” (Kentucky school-segregation law), 45

DeKalb County, Georgia, 118–19, 120, 127

demographics and race, 197–98

Department of Education, U.S., 196

Department of Justice, U.S., 158

DeRuzzo, David, 111

desegregation: black achievement and, x, xi, 20, 77–78, 124–25, 126, 127, 128–29, 191; black activists on, xi–xii, 32–33, 42, 49, 83–84, 126–27, 128–29, 194, 197; black American view of, xi–xii, 23–24, 49–50, 120; black flight and, 96–97, 103, 116; black identity loss through, 96, 97, 103, 124–25, 128, 197; black parents on, 94, 120, 129, 192; public accommodations, 57–58, 65; social issues and, 26; white flight and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 102–3, 112–13, 116.
See also
school desegregation