Colossus (64 page)
75
. Schularick, “Development Finance,” table 5.
76
. For more details, see Ferguson, “City of London.”
77
. I am grateful to Alan M. Taylor for making these data available to me.
78
. Lindert and Morton, “How Sovereign Debt Has Worked.”
79
. As demonstrated by Obstfeld and Taylor, “Sovereign Risk.” For a contrary argument, see Bordo and Rockoff, “Adherence to the Gold Standard.”
80
. Cain and Hopkins,
British Imperialism
, pp. 439, 570. See for a detailed discussion, J. M. Keynes, “Foreign Investment and National Advantage,” in Moggridge (ed.),
Collected Writings
, vol. 19, part I, pp. 275–84.
81
. MacDonald,
Free Nation Deep in Debt
, p. 380.
82
. Atkin, “Official Regulation,” pp. 324–35.
83
. Writing in the 1950s, the Canadian historian Harold Innis declared: “The constitution of Canada, as it appears on the statute book of the British Parliament, has been designed to secure capital for the improvement of navigation and transport”: Cain and Hopkins,
British Imperialism
, p. 233.
84
. Ibid., p. 584f.
85
. Hale, “British Empire in Default.”
86
. Cain and Hopkins,
British Imperialism
, p. 439.
87
. J. M. Keynes, “Advice to Trustee Investors,” in Moggridge (ed.),
Collected Writings
, vol. 19, part 1, p. 204f.
88
. Maddison,
World Economy
, p. 264, table B-21.
89
. Calculated from figures ibid., p. 112.
90
. Dutt, “Origins of Uneven Development.”
91
. Davis,
Late Victorian Holocausts
.
92
. See, e.g., Raychaudhuri, “British Rule in India,” pp. 361–64.
93
. See Washbrook, “South Asia, the World System, and World Capitalism,” p. 480f.
94
. Roy,
Economic History of India
, p. 42ff.
95
. Ibid., p. 250.
96
. Maddison,
World Economy
, table 2–21b. The “drain” of resources from Indonesia to Holland was substantially larger and more deserving of that appellation. It is nevertheless undeniable that Indian monetary policy was governed with managing this transfer of resources, not with maximizing Indian output, as its principal objective.
97
. Roy,
Economic History
, p. 241.
98
. Ibid., pp. 22, 219f., 254, 285, 294. Cf.McAlpin,
Subject to Famine
.
99
. Roy,
Economic History
, pp. 32–36, 215.
100
. Ibid., pp. 258–63.
101
. Ibid., p. 46f.
102
. Ibid., p. 257.
103
. Maddison,
World Economy
, p. 110f.
104
. Roy,
Economic History
, p. 226–29.
105
. See Goldsmith,
Financial Development of India
.
106
. Thanks to the liberalization of the 1990s, India has since managed to nar-row that gap.
107
. Stephen Haber, Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast, “If Economists Are So Smart, Why Is Africa So Poor?”
Wall Street Journal
, July 30, 2003.
CHAPTER 6: GOING HOME OR ORGANIZING HYPOCRISY
1
. Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace
, pp. 449–54.
2
. Ibid., p.509.
3
. Yergin,
Prize
, pp. 186–90, 195–97, 201,204.
4
. Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace
, p. 509.
5
.
Newsday
, April 9, 2003.
6
.
New York Times
, April 11, 2003.
7
. “Transcript of President Bush’s Remarks on the End of Major Combat in Iraq,”
New York Times
, p. A16.
8
.
New York Times
, February 27, 2003.
9
.
Financial Times
, April 7, 2003
10
.
New York Times
, July 15, 2003.
11
. “Elections in Iraq a Possibility Next Year, Bremer Says,”
New York Times
, July 31, 2003.
12
. Steven R. Weisman, “Powell Gives Iraq 6 Months to Write New Constitution,”
New York Times
, September 26, 2003.
13
. “Iraqi Handover to Be Speeded Up,”
http://news.bbc.co.uk
, November 2, 2003.
14
. Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace
, p. 449f.
15
. Ibid., p. 453.
16
. Ibid., p.497, 503.
17
. Ibid., p. 507f.
18
. Ibid. p. 508.
19
. Yergin,
Prize
, p. 195.
20
. A good selection of Bell’s correspondence can be found at
http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/letters.
21
. Gertrude Bell to her father, August 28, 1921,
http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/letters//11448.htm.
22
. Calculated from figures in Constantine, “Migrants.”
23
. Maddison,
World Economy
, p. 110.
24
. Calculated from figures in Kirk-Greene,
On Crown Service
.
25
. Potter,
India’s Political Administration
, pp. 68–70; Symonds,
Oxford and Empire
, pp. 185–93.
26
. He was beaten by his future antagonist at the Treasury, Otto Niemeyer.
27
. Kirk-Greene,
On Crown Service
.
28
. Between 15 and 25 percent of all undergraduates who matriculated at Balliol, Keble, St. John’s and Corpus Christi colleges ended up in some kind of imperial employment: Symonds,
Oxford and Empire
, p. 306.
29
. Machonochie,
Life in the Indian Civil Service
.
30
. Tony Allen-Mills, “Rumsfeld Plan for a Tight Little Army Hits Trouble on the Right,”
Sunday Times
, September 21, 2003. Cf. Stephen Fidler and Gerard Baker, “The Best-laid Plans?,”
Financial Times
, August 3, 2003.
31
. Felicity Barringer and David E. Sanger, “U.S. Drafts Plan for U.N. to Back a Force for Iraq,”
New York Times
, September 3, 2003.
32
.
Statistical Abstract of the United States 2002
, table 495; Porter (ed.),
Atlas of British Overseas Expansion
.
33
.
Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001
, table 494.
34
.
http://dbease.mconetwork.com/dbEase/cgi-bin/go_getpl.
35
. Central Intelligence Agency,
World Factbook
.
36
.
International Herald Tribune
, October 16–27, 2002.
37
. See Kurth, “Migration.”
38
. Department of Defense, “Population Representation in the Military Services” (2001), table 3.3.
39
. Ash,
History of the Present
, p. 375. This may be to overlook the growing importance of more recently arrived ethnic minorities, notably Hispanic and Asian first- and second-generation immigrants.
40
. Yale University Office of the FAS Registrar; Yale University Office of Institutional Research. I have since heard that this lone student of the Near East is working in California.
41
. Yale University Office of Development; Yale University Office of Institutional Research.
42
. Porch, “Occupational Hazards,” p. 40.
43
.
San Jose Mercury News
, March 18, 2003.
44
. Reuel Marc Gerecht, “The Counterterrorist Myth,”
Atlantic Monthly
, July-August 2001.
45
. Woodward,
Bush at War
, p. 201.
46
.
Wall Street Journal
, April 4, 2003.
47
.
http://www.peacecorps.gov/about/index.cfm.
48
. I am grateful to Bill Whelan for his help on this point.
49
. “What Baghdad Really Thinks,”
Spectator
, July 19, 2003.
50
. See the astute remarks on this subject by the high representative in Bosnia, in a speech he gave in June this year: Ash-down, “Broken Communities.”
51
. President Bush, speech at the American Enterprise Institute,
New York Times
, February 26, 2003.
52
. For a somewhat flawed discussion of these issues, see Pei, “Lessons of the Past.” Pei also overlooks South Korea.
53
. Lydia Saad, “What Form of Government for Iraq?,” Gallup Organization,
http://www.gallup.com/poll/tb/goverpubli/20030923d.asp
.
54
. Larry Diamond and Michael McFaul, “Rushing Elections Will Only Hurt Iraq,”
San Jose Mercury News
, September 28, 2003.
55
. Matthew,
Gladstone
, vol. 2, p. 24.
56
. Ibid., p. 131.
57
. Shannon,
Gladstone
, p. 301.
58
. Ibid., p. 302f.
59
. Ibid., p. 304.
60
. Roberts,
Salisbury
, p. 229.
61
. Ibid., p. 266.
62
. Shannon,
Gladstone
, p. 306.
63
. Judd,
Empire
p. 97.
64
. Shannon,
Gladstone
, p. 318.
65
. Ibid., p. 305.
66
. Matthew,
Gladstone
, vol. 2, p. 139.
67
. Shannon,
Gladstone
, p. 318.
68
. Roberts,
Salisbury
, p. 343.