Colossus (59 page)
113
. Robert Freeman Smith, “Latin America, the United States and the European Powers,” p. 102.
114
. Boot,
Savage Wars
, p. 137f.
115
. Cole,
America’s Foreign Relations
, p. 316.
116
. May,
American Imperialism
, p. 214.
117
. Pratt,
America’s Colonial Experiment
, pp. 127–30.
118
. Ibid., p. 150f.
119
. Ibid., p. 151.
120
. According to one account, over three thousand Haitians were killed by the Americans: Robert Freeman Smith, “Latin America, the United States and the European Powers,” p. 108.
121
. Pratt,
Americas Colonial Experiment
, pp. 143–47.
122
. Cole,
America’s Foreign Relations
, p. 323f.
123
. Black,
Good Neighbor
, p. 35.
124
. Ibid., p. 56.
125
. Boot,
Savage Wars
, pp. 231–35.
126
. Ibid., p. 249.
127
. Black,
Good Neighbor
, p. 46.
128
. Robert Freeman Smith, “Latin America, the United States and the European Powers,” pp. 112–15.
129
. Black,
Good Neighbor
, p. 71.
130
. Schmidt,
Maverick Marine
, p. 231.
131
. Cole,
America’s Foreign Relations
, pp. 326–28.
132
. Boot,
Savage Wars
, pp. 182–85, 188f.
133
. Ibid., pp. 193–200.
134
. Ibid., p. 204.
135
. Cole,
Americas Foreign Relations
, p. 328.
136
. Boot,
Savage Wars
, p. 203. In 1920 General Alvaro Obregon seized power; both Carranza and Villa were gunned down within a few years.
137
. The Calvo Doctrine explicitly rejected the idea that foreign subjects or companies had claims to “extraterritorial” le-gal status. In truth, Central America was more Balkan than Bolshevik, as the journalist Frank L. Kluckhohn noted in 1937: Black,
Good Neighbor
, p. 73.
138
. Robert Freeman Smith, “Latin America, the United States and the European Powers,” p. 109f.
139
. Julien,
America’s Empire
, p. 14.
CHAPTER 2: THE IMPERIALISM OF ANTI-IMPERIALISM
1
. Vonnegut,
Slaughterhouse 5
, p. 53f.
2
. Gaddis,
We Now Know
, p. 109.
3
. Ambrose,
Rise to Globalism
.
4
. For a good recent account, see Ramsay,
Lusitania
.
5
. Roskin, “Generational Paradigms,” p.566.
6
. Incredibly, the German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent the fateful telegram to his ambassador in Mexico via the State Departments own cable system (as well as two other routes). The British intercepted the telegram, decoded it and passed it on to the United States, finally forcing Wilson to abandon his policy of neutrality.
7
. Black,
Good Neighbor
, p. 42.
8
. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, p. 566.
9
. Though it is important not to exaggerate the magnitude of the American contribution to victory in 1918, as does Mosier,
Myth of the Great War
. See my
Pity of War
, p. 312f.; also Zieger,
Americas Great War
, pp. 97–114.
10
. A view substantially endorsed after Wilson’s death by the Nye Committee.
11
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, p. 35.
12
. Ibid., p. 77.
13
. Ibid., p. 113.
14
. Ibid., p. 143ff.
15
. Ibid., p. 152.
16
. Bacevich,
Empire
, p. 225.
17
. Zimmermann,
First Great Triumph,
p. 476.
18
. Dallas,
1918
, pp. 371–77, 393–417.
19
. Quoted in Karnow,
Vietnam
, p. 14.
20
. Melosi,
Pearl Harbor
, passim. For detail on the attacks, see Clarke,
Pearl Harbor
, pp. 276–83.
21
. Melosi,
Pearl Harbor
, p. ix.
22
. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, pp. 226f., 356.
23
. Kagan,
Paradise and Power
, p. 71.
24
. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, p. 26.
25
. Ibid., p. 150.
26
. Anderson,
United States, Great Britain and the Cold War
, p. 4.
27
. Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, p. 198.
28
. Ibid., pp. 271–73.
29
. Ibid., pp. 353–56.
30
. Ibid., p. 351.
31
. Ibid.
32
. Quoted in Hanson,
American Empire
, p. 64.
33
. Lundestad,
American “Empire,”
p. 39.
34
. Ibid.
35
. “President Bush’s Address to the Nation,”
New York Times
, September 7, 2003.
36
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 79.
37
. Ibid., p. 80f.
38
. Ibid., p. 27.
39
. Bailey,
Postwar Japan
, p. 29.
40
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 38f.; Bailey,
Postwar Japan
, p. 27f.
41
. Bailey,
Postwar Japan
, pp. 24–27.
42
. Ibid., p. 41f.
43
. Ibid., pp. 32–34; Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 223. To be precise, the Japanese Foreign Ministry established a Central Liaison Office, which mediated between MacArthur and the Japanese bureaucracy.
44
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 223.
45
. Bailey,
Postwar Japan
, p. 29.
46
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p.204.
47
. Ibid., p. 209.
48
. Bailey,
Postwar Japan
, p. 25.
49
. Ibid., p. 36f.
50
. It was estimated that before the war ten
zaibatsu
had controlled—via sixty-seven holding companies and over four thousand subsidiaries—three-quarters of Japans nonagricultural economy.
51
. Bailey,
Postwar Japan
, p. 30.
52
. Ibid., p. 23f.
53
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, p. 115.
54
. Wolfe (ed.),
Americans as Proconsuls
, p.104.
55
. Oppen (ed.),
Documents
, p. 14.
56
. Gimbel, “Governing the American Zone,” p. 93f.
57
. Ibid., p. 95. Cf. Clay to War Department, September 18, 1945, in Smith (ed.),
Clay Papers
, p. 82f.
58
. Gimbel, “Governing the American Zone,” pp. 92–97.
59
. See, e.g., Jean Edward Smith (ed.),
Clay Papers
, p. 174.
60
. Wolfe (ed.),
Americans as Proconsuls
, p. 112f.
61
. Peterson, “Occupation.”
62
. See, e.g., Gimbel,
American Occupation
; Backer,
Priming the German Economy
.
63
. Fullbrook,
Divided Nation
, pp. 138–50.
64
. Smith (ed.),
Clay Papers
, p. 172.
65
. Porch, “Occupational Hazards,” p. 37.
66
. Oppen (ed.),
Documents
, p. 20.
67
. Ibid., pp. 16, 19.
68
. Gimbel, “Governing the American Zone,” p. 93.
69
. Pulzer,
German Politics
, pp. 29–32.
70
. James F. Byrnes, “Restatement of Policy on Germany,”
http:www.usembassy.de/usa/usrelations4555.htm
.
71
. Robert Wolfe (ed.),
Americans as Proconsuls
, p. 105f.
72
. Ibid., p. 109.
73
. Gimbel, “Governing the American Zone,” p. 102.
74
. Oppen (ed.),
Documents
, p. 375f.
75
. Schlauch, “American Policy,” p. 115.
76
. Oppen (ed.),
Documents
, p. 21.
77
. Backer,
Priming the German Economy
, p.37. Cf. Schlauch, “American Policy,” p.115f.
78
. Gimbel,
American Occupation
, p. 1.
79
. Schlauch, “American Policy,” p. 121.
80
. Ibid., p. 123.
81
. Oppen (ed.),
Documents
, p. 93.
82
. Ibid., pp. 152–60
83
. Ibid., pp. 195–99.
84
. Jean Edward Smith (ed.),
Clay Papers
, p. 143.
85
. Backer,
Priming the German Economy
, p. 188, table 6.
86
. Davidson,
Death and Life of Germany
, p. 260f.