Citizen Emperor (159 page)

 
100
. Along with other works of art, the Quadriga was dismantled (between 2 and 8 December), under the supervision of Vivant Denon, and taken back to Paris. It may not have had the same importance as the horses of St Mark in Venice – in fact, its aesthetic value was considered to be insignificant in 1806 – but it was an important symbol in the life of Berliners. Denon wrote to a friend that he had thereby ‘completed his quarrel with the inhabitants of Berlin’, even if some of them admitted that under different circumstances they would have acted the same (Dupuy, (ed.),
Dominique-Vivant Denon
, p. 503; Bénédicte Savoy,
Patrimoine annexé: les biens culturels saisis par la France en Allemagne autour de 1800
, 2 vols (Paris, 2003), i. p. 276).

 
101
. Barrès,
Souvenirs
, p. 73.

 
102
. Alfred-Auguste Ernouf,
Les Français en Prusse (1807–1808), d’après des documents contemporains recueillis en Allemagne
(Paris, 1872), pp. 102–3, 105–7.

 
103
. Jérémie Benoît, ‘Napoléon à Berlin vu par les peintres’,
Revue Napoléon
, 28 (2006), 44–8.

 
104
. Jean-Marie-Félix Girod de l’Ain,
Dix ans de souvenirs militaires de 1805 à 1815
(Paris, 1873), p. 70. On Berlin see Matt Erlin,
Berlin’s Forgotten Future: City, History, and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Germany
(Chapel Hill, 2004).

 
105
. Auguste de Sayve,
Souvenirs de Pologne et scènes militaires de la campagne de 1812
(Paris, 1833), p. 6.

 
106
. Denis-Charles Parquin,
Souvenirs, 1803–1814
(Paris, 2003), p. 100.

 
107
. The church was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1945. The sarcophagus is now to be found in the forecourt of Sanssouci Palace, also in Potsdam. On the visit see Ilya Mieck, ‘Napoleon in Potsdam’,
Francia
, 31:2 (2004), 134–41.

 
108
. Ségur,
Un aide de camp de Napoléon
, i. p. 314.

 
109
. Michel Kerautret, ‘Frédéric II et l’opinion française (1800–1870): la compétition posthume avec Napoléon’,
Francia
, 28/2 (2001), 65–84.

 
110
. Rémusat,
Mémoires
, iii. pp. 63–4.

 
111
. Hauterive,
La police secrète du premier Empire
, iii. pp. 70 and 99 (29 November and 24 December 1806).

 
112
. Cited in Horne,
Seven Ages of Paris
, pp. 175–6.

 
113
. Laugier,
Les cahiers
, pp. 299–300, 317.

 
114
. According to Metternich, news of Napoleon’s victories was greeted in ‘bleak silence’ (Constantin de Grunwald (ed.), ‘Les débuts diplomatiques de Metternich à Paris’,
Revue de Paris
, 4 (1936), 513–14, 517). In towns such as Marseilles, Besançon and Bordeaux, on the other hand, the Emperor was still popular enough for the populace to applaud public announcements proclaiming victory or to applaud the bulletins when they were read out in public (Hauterive,
La police secrète du premier Empire
, iii. pp. 49, 51, 53–4 (8, 10 and 12 November 1806)).

 
115
. 
Moniteur universel
, 30 November 1806.

 
116
. François,
Journal
, pp. 508–9 (25 October 1806); Savoy,
Patrimoine annexé
, i. p. 137.

 
117
. Some historians – F. Loraine Petre,
Napoleon’s Conquest of Prussia, 1806
(London, 1907), p. 229; Michael V. Leggiere, ‘From Berlin to Leipzig: Napoleon’s Gamble in North Germany, 1813’,
Journal of Military History
, 67 (2003), 82 – look upon the gesture as petty and vindictive, but it was part of a long tradition of martial pillaging, one the French armies practised with zeal. For the confiscations of antique armaments as trophies see Stuart W. Pyhrr, ‘De la Révolution au romantisme: les origines des collections modernes d’armes et d’armures’, in Daniela Gallo (ed.),
Les vies de Dominique-Vivant Denon
, 2 vols (Paris, 2001), ii. pp. 618–50.

 
118
. 
Moniteur universel
, 18 May 1807; Cambacérès,
Mémoires inédites
, ii. pp. 147–9. The insignia stayed there until March 1814 when the governor of the Invalides ordered them to be destroyed so that they would not fall back into the hands of the Prussians. According to Alfred Bégis,
Curiosités historiques. Invasion de 1814. Destruction des drapeaux étrangers et de l’épée de Frédéric de Prusse à l’Hôtel des Invalides, d’après des documents inédits
(Paris, 1897); Biskup, ‘Das Schwert Friedrichs des Großen’, p. 202.

 
119
. Biskup, ‘Napoleon’s Second Sacre?’, p. 180.

 
120
. Biskup, ‘Napoleon’s Second Sacre?’, p. 180; and Biskup, ‘Das Schwert Friedrichs des Großen’, p. 190.

 
121
. Biskup, ‘Napoleon’s Second Sacre?’, p. 183. A speech given by Fontane is in the
Moniteur universel
, 18 May 1807.

 
122
. Savoy,
Patrimoine annexé
, i. pp. 235–8. For the catalogue of the exhibition see
Statues, bustes, bas reliefs, bronzes et autres antiquités, peintures, dessins et objets curieux, conquis par la Grande Armée, dans les années 1806, 1807
(Paris, 1807).

 
123
. See Dorothy Mackay Quynn, ‘The Art Confiscations of the Napoleonic Wars’,
American Historical Review
, 50 (1945), 443–5.

 
124
. Blanning,
Pursuit of Glory
, pp. 657–8.

 
125
. On the Pietist movment in Prussia see Richard L. Gawthrop,
Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth-Century Prussia
(Cambridge, 1993); Christopher Clark, ‘Piety, Politics and Society: Pietism in Eighteenth-Century Prussia’, in Philip Dwyer (ed.),
The Rise of Prussia, 1700–1830
(London, 2000), pp. 68–88.

 
126
. Sir George Jackson,
The Diaries and Letters
, ii. pp. 29–30, accompanied the king on his way east; Frederick William did not return to Berlin until 28 December 1809, and only then at Napoleon’s behest.

 
127
. At least according to Karl Friedrich Emil von Suckow,
D’Iéna à Moscou: fragments de ma vie
, trans. Commandant Veling (Paris, 1901), p. 55, a view also held by Heinrich von Bülow.